Gross Exam 1 Flashcards
Which nerves can be found in the lateral cervical triangle?
Spinal accessory nerve, suprscapular nerve, cervical plexus, lesser occipital, greater auricular, transverse cerivical, Supraclavicular nerve, and phrenic nerve
Name the SCM origin and insertion?
Origin: Superior surface of the medial third of the clavicle for the clavicular head, and the anterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum
Insertion: lateral surface of the mastoid process and lateral half of the superior nuchal line
What is the inferior border of the lateral cervical triangle ?
The clavicle between the the trap and SCM
What is the roof of the lateral cervical triangle?
Investing layer of deep cervical fascia and the platysma
What is the floor of the lateral cervical triangle?
Muscles covered by a perverse real layer of deep cervical fascia: the muscles covered are the levator scapulae, splenius capitas, middle scalene, posterior scalene, and (anterior scalene)
What is the space called separating the two heads of the SCM?
Lesser Supraclavicular Fossa
The brachial plexus consists of what spinal nerves and forms what trunks?
C5-C8 and T1, the superior, middle, and inferior trunk
Where does the brachial plexus pass?
Between the clavicle and 1st rib, over the superior border of the scap, and inferolaterally to the Scilla
The cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus emerge around the middle of the posterior border of the SCM, what is this called?
The nerve point of the neck
What is the Innervation of the SCM, and it’s spinal segments?
Spinal accessory nerve (XI) and spinal nerves C2 and C3 for pain and proprioception
Where does the supra scapular nerve arise? And what muscles does it supply?
The suprscapular nerve arises from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus and passes through the lateral cervical triangle to the posterior aspect of the scapula to supply the supra spinatus and infraspinatus. As as the glenohumral joint
Where does the transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3) run and supply?
Supply’s the skin of the anterior cervical triangle, it curves around anteriorly from the posterior border of the SCM and passes horizontally deep to the EJV and platysma
What are the four major regions of the neck?
Posterior cervical region, lateral cervical region, anterior cervical region, and SCM region
What rami make up the roots of the cervical plexus?
The anterior rami of C1-C4
Where does the Supraclavicular nerve (C3-C4) run and supply?
Arises from under the SCM and sends small branches to the skin of the neck and across the clavicle to supply the skin over the shoulder. Deep motor branches of C4 -C5 supply the rhomboidal via dorsal scapular nerve, and serrated anterior C5-C7
What veins and arteries are in the lateral cervical triangle?
External jugular, suprscapular artery, cervical dorsal trunk, occipital artery, transverse cervical artery.
Where does the lesser occipital nerve (C2) run and supply? As well as the greater occipital?
Lesser occipital: Supply’s the skin of the neck and scalp posterior medially.
Greater Occipital: supply’s the suboccipital and occipital region of the scalp.
The roots of the brachial plexus pass between what two muscles?
The anterior scalene and the middle scalene
Which branches of the cervical plexus arise from the loop formed between the anterior rami of C3 or C4?
The Supraclavicular nerve and phrenic nerve
Where does the phrenic nerve run and supply?
The phrenic nerve is from C4 and receives contributions from C3 and C5. Supply the diaphragm, pericardial sac, and mediastinal pleura. Forms on the anterior scalene and at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage. Is anterior to the subclavian artery and posterior to the subclavian vein
Identity where the external jugular can be found?
Begins near the angle of the mandible by the union of the retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein. Then crosses obliquely overt he SCM deep to the platysma and pierces through the investing layer of the cervical fascia and descends through the inferior part of the lateral cervical region along the posterior border of the SCM.
What nerve passes deep to the SCM and emerges at the posterior SCM at the junction of the superior and middle thirds of the SCM. Passes posteroinferiorly to the deep cervical fascia along the surface of the levator scapulae separated by a prevertebral layer of fascia, then disappears behind the trap?
Spinal accessory nerve (CNXI)
Which are trey originates from the cervisodorsal trunk and passes inferolaterally across the anterior scalene phrenic nerve and brachial plexus and posterior to the clavicle to supply the muscles on the posterior aspect of the scapula?
Suprscapular artery
Which artery arises from the thyrocervicql trunk and passes superficially and laterally over the phrenic nerve and the anterior scalene, and follows the spinal accessory nerve deep to the trap?
Transverse cervical artery
What artery benches from the external carotid crosses the apex of the lateral cervical region and and ascends to supply the posterior aspect of the skull?
The occipital artery
The branches of the cervical plexus arising from the nerve loop between the anterior rami of C2 and C3 are?
The greater occipital nerve, the lesser occipital nerve, greater auricular nerve, and transverse cervical nerve
What is the anterior boundary of the lateral cervical triangle?
Posterior border of the SCM
Where do the roots of the cervical plexus receive comunicating branches?
The superior cervical ganglion
Where does the greater auricular nerve (C2-C3) run and supply?
Ascends vertically across the SCM directly inferior to the ear and on to the parotid gland. Where it supplies the skin/sheath over the gland the posterior aspect of the auricle, and the area of the skin overlying the mandible and the mastoid process
Where is the cerivical plexus in relation to the SCM, middle scalene, and levator scapulae?
Deep to the SCM and middle scalene. And anteromedial to the levator scapulae
There are 33 vertebrae in the vertebral column, how many are there in each region?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, and 4 coccygeal
What are the joints called between the articulate facets? And what is there significance?
Zygopophyseal joints, they facilitate what motions are permitted and prevented in each region of the vertebral column.
What are the primary curvatures of the vertebral column and how would you describe them?
The thoracic and sacral regions which are kyphosis
Which vertebrae have the lateral masses?
The atlas
What is the posterior boundary of the lateral cervical triangle?
The anterior border of the trap
Which vertebrae has the dens, and where does it articulate?
The axis, articles anteriorly with the anterior arch of the atlas and posteriorly with the transverse ligament of the atlas
What prevents the vertebrae of the vertebral column from slipping anteriorly on the vertebrae inferior to it?
The articulate facets, zygopophyseal joints
What makes up an intervertebral disc?
The nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosis
What is the function of the anulus fibrosis?
Concentric lamella of fibrocartilage that insert on to the smooth epiphyseal rim and support weight.
What are the secondary curvatures if the spine and how would you describe them?
The cervical and lumbar which are lordosis
Where are the joints of Lushka, what type of joints are they, and where do they articulate?
Between C3-C6, synovial joints with a fluid filled capsule, and articulate from the uncinate processes of the vertebrae below to the inferolateral surfaces of the superior vertebral body
Where are the inter spinous ligaments? And suprspinous ligaments?
They are in between the spinous processes of the vertebrae. In between the tips of the spinous processes
Name the origin and insertion of the splenius capitas and cervicis.
Origin: nuchal ligament spinous processes of C7-T6
Insertion:
Capitas, mastoid process of the temporal bone and lateral third of the superior nuchal line
Cervicis is the tubercles of the transverse processes of C1-C4
What kind of joints are between the vertebral body’s and what they separated by?
Symphyses, secondary cartilaginous joints. And are separated by Inter vertebral discs which are made up of firbocartilage.
What does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent?
It prevents extension
What is the ligament the runs between the EOP and C6 and provides attachment for muscles?
Nuchal ligament
Which ligaments attach to the lateral portion of the foramen magnum after extending from the dens?
The alar ligaments
Which vertebrae have have bifold spinous processes?
C3-C5
Which two regions of the vertebral column are most freely movable, and which has the most free motion?
The lumbar and cervical, and cervical
What ligament runs between these points: originates from the pelvic surface of the sacrum and ends at the anterior tubercle of C1 and the occipital boneanterior to the foramen magnum
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Name the origin of the erector spinal muscles?
Broad tendon arising from the posterior aspect of the iliac crest, posterior surface of the sacrum, sacroilliac ligament, inferior spinous processes of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae, and suprspinous ligament.
What is the function of the nucleus pulposus?
Made up so 85% percent water and acts as fulcrum
What kind of synovial joint is the alanto occipital joint?
A condyloid joint
What ligaments prevent excessive rotation at the Atlanta occipital joint?
The alar ligaments
Name the insertion for the iliocostalis muscles.
Lumborum/thoracas: fibers run superiorly to the Superior angles of the inferior ribs
Cervicis: the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae.
What is the orientation of the zygopophyseal joints I’m the cervical region? And what is the significance of this orientation?
The joints plane are almost horizontal allowing for rotation, lateral flexion, extension, and flexion
Where can the ligamenta flava be found and what is its purpose?
The are between the lamina forming a posterior wall I the vertebral canal and prevent abrupt flexion
There are 33 vertebrae in the vertebral column, how many are there in each region?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, and 4 coccygeal
What are the joints called between the articulate facets? And what is there significance?
Zygopophyseal joints, they facilitate what motions are permitted and prevented in each region of the vertebral column.
What are the primary curvatures of the vertebral column and how would you describe them?
The thoracic and sacral regions which are kyphosis
Name the actions of the erector spinae.
Unilateral contraction causes ipsilateral flexion of the vertebral column and head/neck.
Bilateral contraction causes extension of the vertebral column/head/neck.
Responsible for eccentricly contracting to control flexion of the torso.
What is the orientation of the zygopophyseal joints In the thoracic region? And what is the significance of this orientation?
They are oriented in the frontal plane allowing only for rotation and preventing flexion/lateral flexion/extension.
Name the insertion of logissimus.
Thoracas/cervicis: transverse processes of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae
Capitas: the mastoid process of the temporal bone
Fibers run superiorly between the tubercle and angles of the ribs
In which vertebrae can you find transverse foramen?
C1-C6 possibly C7 they maybe small
Which vertebrae have the lateral masses?
The atlas
Which vertebrae has the dens, and where does it articulate?
The axis, articles anteriorly with the anterior arch of the atlas and posteriorly with the transverse ligament of the atlas
What prevents the vertebrae of the vertebral column from slipping anteriorly on the vertebrae inferior to it?
The articulate facets, zygopophyseal joints
What makes up an intervertebral disc?
The nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosis
Name the insertion of spinalis.
Fibers run superiorly to the spinous processes of the upper thoracic and cervical vertebrae.
Capitas attaches to the cranium.
Give the origin insertion and action of the semispinalis.
Origin: from the transverse processes of C4-T10 vertebrae
Insertion:
Thoracis/cervicis: spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae and cervical vertebrae
Capitas: occipital bone
Fibers run superomedially and span 4 to 6 segments.
Give the action for semispinalis.
Bilaterally extends the head and neck, unilaterally causes contralateral rotation.
Multifidii origin and insertion.
Origin: aponeurosis of the erector spinae, posterior surface of the sacrum, sacroilliac ligaments, posterior superior iliac spine of the ilium, mammillary processes of the lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae, articular processes of the cervical vertebrae C4-C7.
Insertion: fibers pass superomedially to the spinous processes the whole entire length of the vertebrae.
Tt
What is the roof of the suboccipital triangle? And the contents of the occipital triangle?
The semispinalis capitas. Vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve
What is the function of the anulus fibrosis?
Concentric lamella of fibrocartilage that insert on to the smooth epiphyseal rim and support weight.
Origin and insertion of the rectus capitas posterior minor.
Origin: posterior tubercle on the posterior arch of C1
Inserts: on the medial third of the inferior nuchal line
Origin and insertion of rectus capitas posterior superior.
Origin: spinous process of C2
Insertion: the lateral part of the inferior nuchal line
Multifidii action.
Unilateral contraction causes contralateral rotation of the vertebral column. And bilateral contraction stabilizes the vertebral column during local movements of the vertebrae.
What ligament is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament and where does it run?
From the body of C2 through the foramen magnum to the central floor of the cranial cavity
Name the muscle action and nerve supply of the splenius muscles.
Posterior rami of spinal nerves
Actions, are ipsilateral flexion and rotation. Bilateral extension of head and neck
Origin and insertion of the rotatores.
Origin: arise from the transverse process of the vertebrae.
Insertion to the spinous process of the superior vertebrae either one or two segments above. Sometimes the muscle is also inserted on the junction of the lamina between the spinous and transverse process.
Rotatores muscle action.
Function as muscles of proprioception, and may assist in local extension and rotation of the vertebral column
What is the superomedially border of the suboccipital triangle?
The rectus capitas posterior major
What is the super plateful border of the suboccipital triangle?
Obliquus capitas superior
What is the inferolateral border of the suboccipital triangle?
The Obliquus capitas inferior
What is the origin and insertion of the posterior scalene? Action? Innervation?
Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C4-C6 to the external border of the second rib. Elevates the second rib during forced inspiration and laterally flexes the neck. Innervated by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C7 and C8
What is the origin, insertion, action, and Innervation of the middle scalene?
Posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C4-C7 to the superior surface of the 1st rib posterior to the groove of the subclavian. Innervated by the anterior rami of the cervical spinal nerves. Flexes the neck laterally and elevates the first rib during respiration.
What is the origin, insertion, Innervation, and action of the anterior scalene?
The inner surface and upper border of the first rib, and scalene tubercle to the anterior tubercle of the transverse processes of C3-C6. Innervated by the anterior rami of the C4-C6 spinal nerves. Actions: lateral flexion and elevation of the first rib in forced respiration.
Origin and insertion of Obliquus capitas superior.
Origin: transverse process of C1
Insertion: between the inferior and superior nuchal line
What is the origin of Obliquus capitas inferior?
Origin: the spinous process of C2
Insertion: the transverse process of C2
What is the floor of the suboccipital triangle?
The atlantooccipital membrane and the posterior arch of C1
What is the lumbosacral enlargement called and why is it enlarged?
The lumbar cistern and to accomodate the cauda equina
What is the orientation of the zygopophyseal joints In the lumbar region? And what is the significance of this orientation?
The articular facets are oriented sagitally which allow for flexion/extension/and lateral flexion, but prevents rotation
What are the secondary curvatures if the spine and how would you describe them?
The cervical and lumbar which are lordosis
Where are the joints of Lushka, what type of joints are they, and where do they articulate?
Between C3-C6, synovial joints with a fluid filled capsule, and articulate from the uncinate processes of the vertebrae below to the inferolateral surfaces of the superior vertebral body
Why is there a cervical enlargement in the spinal cord?
The brachial plexus is there
What ligament attaches to the posterior surface of the IV discs and runs from C2 to the sacrum and what does this ligament do?
Posterior longitudinal ligament prevents hyperflexion and posterior herniation of the IV discs
Where are the IV thickest and what is the significance of that?
They are thickest in the lumbar and cervical regions and allow for more movement.
Where are the inter spinous ligaments? And suprspinous ligaments?
They are in between the spinous processes of the vertebrae. In between the tips of the spinous processes
Name the origin and insertion of the splenius capitas and cervicis.
Origin: nuchal ligament spinous processes of C7-T6
Insertion:
Capitas, mastoid process of the temporal bone and lateral third of the superior nuchal line
Cervicis is the tubercles of the transverse processes of C1-C4
What kind of joints are between the vertebral body’s and what they separated by?
Symphyses, secondary cartilaginous joints. And are separated by Inter vertebral discs which are made up of firbocartilage.
What is responsible for the secondary curves of the lumbar and cervical vertebrae?
The IV disc are thicker anteriorly than posteriorly producing secondary curves
What does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent?
It prevents extension
What is the ligament the runs between the EOP and C6 and provides attachment for muscles?
Nuchal ligament
Which ligaments attach to the lateral portion of the foramen magnum after extending from the dens?
The alar ligaments
Which vertebrae have have bifold spinous processes?
C3-C5
Which two regions of the vertebral column are most freely movable, and which has the most free motion?
The lumbar and cervical, and cervical
What ligament runs between these points: originates from the pelvic surface of the sacrum and ends at the anterior tubercle of C1 and the occipital boneanterior to the foramen magnum
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Name the origin of the erector spinal muscles?
Broad tendon arising from the posterior aspect of the iliac crest, posterior surface of the sacrum, sacroilliac ligament, inferior spinous processes of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae, and suprspinous ligament.
What is the function of the nucleus pulposus?
Made up so 85% percent water and acts as fulcrum
What kind of synovial joint is the alanto occipital joint?
A condyloid joint
What ligaments prevent excessive rotation at the Atlanta occipital joint?
The alar ligaments
Name the insertion for the iliocostalis muscles.
Lumborum/thoracas: fibers run superiorly to the Superior angles of the inferior ribs
Cervicis: the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae.
What is the orientation of the zygopophyseal joints I’m the cervical region? And what is the significance of this orientation?
The joints plane are almost horizontal allowing for rotation, lateral flexion, extension, and flexion
Where can the ligamenta flava be found and what is its purpose?
The are between the lamina forming a posterior wall I the vertebral canal and prevent abrupt flexion
Name the actions of the erector spinae.
Unilateral contraction causes ipsilateral flexion of the vertebral column and head/neck.
Bilateral contraction causes extension of the vertebral column/head/neck.
Responsible for eccentricly contracting to control flexion of the torso.
What is the orientation of the zygopophyseal joints In the thoracic region? And what is the significance of this orientation?
They are oriented in the frontal plane allowing only for rotation and preventing flexion/lateral flexion/extension.
Name the insertion of logissimus.
Thoracas/cervicis: transverse processes of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae
Capitas: the mastoid process of the temporal bone
Fibers run superiorly between the tubercle and angles of the ribs
In which vertebrae can you find transverse foramen?
C1-C6 possibly C7 they maybe small
Name the insertion of spinalis.
Fibers run superiorly to the spinous processes of the upper thoracic and cervical vertebrae.
Capitas attaches to the cranium.
Give the origin insertion and action of the semispinalis.
Origin: from the transverse processes of C4-T10 vertebrae
Insertion:
Thoracis/cervicis: spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae and cervical vertebrae
Capitas: occipital bone
Fibers run superomedially and span 4 to 6 segments.
Give the action for semispinalis.
Bilaterally extends the head and neck, unilaterally causes contralateral rotation.
Multifidii origin and insertion.
Origin: aponeurosis of the erector spinae, posterior surface of the sacrum, sacroilliac ligaments, posterior superior iliac spine of the ilium, mammillary processes of the lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae, articular processes of the cervical vertebrae C4-C7.
Insertion: fibers pass superomedially to the spinous processes the whole entire length of the vertebrae.
Tt
What is the roof of the suboccipital triangle? And the contents of the occipital triangle?
The semispinalis capitas. Vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve
Origin and insertion of the rectus capitas posterior minor.
Origin: posterior tubercle on the posterior arch of C1
Inserts: on the medial third of the inferior nuchal line
Origin and insertion of rectus capitas posterior superior.
Origin: spinous process of C2
Insertion: the lateral part of the inferior nuchal line
Multifidii action.
Unilateral contraction causes contralateral rotation of the vertebral column. And bilateral contraction stabilizes the vertebral column during local movements of the vertebrae.
What ligament is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament and where does it run?
From the body of C2 through the foramen magnum to the central floor of the cranial cavity
Name the muscle action and nerve supply of the splenius muscles.
Posterior rami of spinal nerves
Actions, are ipsilateral flexion and rotation. Bilateral extension of head and neck
Origin and insertion of the rotatores.
Origin: arise from the transverse process of the vertebrae.
Insertion to the spinous process of the superior vertebrae either one or two segments above. Sometimes the muscle is also inserted on the junction of the lamina between the spinous and transverse process.
Rotatores muscle action.
Function as muscles of proprioception, and may assist in local extension and rotation of the vertebral column
What is the superomedially border of the suboccipital triangle?
The rectus capitas posterior major
What is the super plateful border of the suboccipital triangle?
Obliquus capitas superior
What is the inferolateral border of the suboccipital triangle?
The Obliquus capitas inferior
What is the origin and insertion of the posterior scalene? Action? Innervation?
Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C4-C6 to the external border of the second rib. Elevates the second rib during forced inspiration and laterally flexes the neck. Innervated by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C7 and C8
What is the origin, insertion, action, and Innervation of the middle scalene?
Posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C4-C7 to the superior surface of the 1st rib posterior to the groove of the subclavian. Innervated by the anterior rami of the cervical spinal nerves. Flexes the neck laterally and elevates the first rib during respiration.
What is the origin, insertion, Innervation, and action of the anterior scalene?
The inner surface and upper border of the first rib, and scalene tubercle to the anterior tubercle of the transverse processes of C3-C6. Innervated by the anterior rami of the C4-C6 spinal nerves. Actions: lateral flexion and elevation of the first rib in forced respiration.
Origin and insertion of Obliquus capitas superior.
Origin: transverse process of C1
Insertion: between the inferior and superior nuchal line
What is the origin of Obliquus capitas inferior?
Origin: the spinous process of C2
Insertion: the transverse process of C2
What is the floor of the suboccipital triangle?
The atlantooccipital membrane and the posterior arch of C1
What is the lumbosacral enlargement called and why is it enlarged?
The lumbar cistern and to accomodate the cauda equina
What is the orientation of the zygopophyseal joints In the lumbar region? And what is the significance of this orientation?
The articular facets are oriented sagitally which allow for flexion/extension/and lateral flexion, but prevents rotation
Why is there a cervical enlargement in the spinal cord?
The brachial plexus is there
What ligament attaches to the posterior surface of the IV discs and runs from C2 to the sacrum and what does this ligament do?
Posterior longitudinal ligament prevents hyperflexion and posterior herniation of the IV discs
Where are the IV thickest and what is the significance of that?
They are thickest in the lumbar and cervical regions and allow for more movement.
What is responsible for the secondary curves of the lumbar and cervical vertebrae?
The IV disc are thicker anteriorly than posteriorly producing secondary curves
