Gross Anatomy Circulations

Question 1

What are the two main types of circulatory systems?

Answer 1

Systemic and Pulmonary

These circulatory systems work together to transport blood throughout the body.

Question 2

What does the blood circulatory system transport?

Answer 2

O2, Nutrients, CO2, Metabolic waste, Cells of immune system (WBCs), Hormones

These components are essential for maintaining homeostasis and supporting bodily functions.

Question 3

What type of circuit is the blood circulatory system?

Answer 3

Closed circuit

In a closed circuit, blood is contained within vessels, allowing for efficient transport.

Question 4

What is the function of arteries?

Answer 4

Carry blood away from the heart

Arteries are under high pressure and typically carry oxygen-rich blood.

Question 5

What is the function of veins?

Answer 5

Return blood to the heart

Veins usually carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

Question 6

What are capillaries and where are they found?

Answer 6

Sites of gas exchange between arteries and veins

Capillaries are small blood vessels that facilitate the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients.

Question 7

What characterizes systemic circulation?

Answer 7

High pressure system, Takes oxygen-rich blood from the left side of the heart to the body tissues

This system returns oxygen-poor blood from the tissues to the right side of the heart.

Question 8

What is the significance of knowing the location of arteries?

Answer 8

Allows calculation of heart rate by taking the pulse

Common pulse points include radial, carotid, brachial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis.

Question 9

What characterizes pulmonary circulation?

Answer 9

Low pressure system, Takes blood low in oxygen from the right side of the heart to the lungs

This system returns oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart.

Question 10

What do pulmonary arteries carry?

Answer 10

Blood away from the heart, therefore oxygen poor

Pulmonary arteries are unique as they carry deoxygenated blood.

Question 11

What do pulmonary veins carry?

Answer 11

Blood towards the heart, therefore oxygen rich

Pulmonary veins are unique as they carry oxygenated blood.

Question 12

Fill in the blank: The _______ circuit involves the lungs.

Answer 12

Pulmonary

This circuit is crucial for oxygenation of blood.

Question 13

Fill in the blank: The _______ circuit involves the body organs and tissues.

Answer 13

Systemic

This circuit is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells.

Question 14

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

Answer 14

Network of lymph vessels (help reabsorb fluid)
Lymph (watery solution)
Lymphatic tissues, and organs (i.e. tonsils, spleen, thymus)

Question 15

What is one of the main functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 15

Involved in the body’s defence mechanisms

Question 16

What mechanism does the lymphatic system provide?

Answer 16

Drainage of interstitial fluid

Question 17

What is the fluid called when it moves from the arterial end of the capillary into the interstitial space?

Answer 17

Interstitial fluid

Question 18

What is the term for fluid in the capillary?

Answer 18

Plasma

Question 19

What pushes fluid out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid?

Answer 19

Capillary blood pressure (CBP)

Question 20

What pulls fluid back into the capillary?

Answer 20

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

Question 21

What is BCOP mainly due to?

Answer 21

Plasma proteins

Question 22

At which end of the capillary does filtration occur?

Answer 22

Arterial end

CBP is greater than BCOP here

Question 23

At which end of the capillary does reabsorption occur?

Answer 23

Occurs by osmosis

Venous end

BCOP is greater than CBP here

Question 24

Approximately what percentage of fluid is reabsorbed?

Answer 24

85%

Question 25

What happens to the remaining fluid that is not reabsorbed?

Answer 25

It must be removed from the interstitial space to prevent oedema (swelling) By lymphatic capillaries

Question 26

What is the fluid called when it enters the lymphatic capillary?

Answer 26

Lymph

Question 27

What are lymphatic capillaries characterized by?

Answer 27

Blind-ended tubes adjacent to capillary beds

Question 28

What is a key structural difference between lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries?

Answer 28

Lymphatic capillaries are closed at one end

Question 29

What prevents backflow of lymph in medium-sized lymphatic vessels?

Answer 29

Valves

Question 30

Where are superficial lymphatics located?

Answer 30

In the subcutaneous layer of skin and in areolar tissues of mucous membranes

Question 31

What do deep lymphatics accompany?

Answer 31

Deep arteries and veins

Question 32

What are the two large collecting vessels that lymphatic trunks empty into?

Answer 32

Thoracic duct and right lymphatic trunk

Question 33

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

Answer 33

Lymph from the right side of the head, thorax, and right upper limb to the right subclavian vein (jugular)

Question 34

What does the thoracic duct drain?

Answer 34

Lymph from the remainder of the body

Question 35

Into which veins does lymph re-enter the blood vascular circulation?

Answer 35

Right subclavian vein and left subclavian vein

Question 36

Fill in the blank: Lymphatic capillaries are _____ ended tubes.

Answer 36

blind

Question 37

True or False: Lymphatic vessels have thicker walls than blood vessels.

Answer 37

False

Question 38

What is important about CBP and BCOP?

Answer 38

CBP decreases with progression along capillary BCOP remains constant

Question 39

Describe the structure of lymphatic capillaries

Answer 39

- Beginning of the lymphatic network - Branch through peripheral tissues - Closed at one end - Large luminal diameters - Thin walls and flattened - Lined by endothelial cells - Act as one-way valves - Have incomplete or absent basement membrane

Question 40

Describe the structure of small lymphatic vessels

Answer 40

- walls contain 3 layers - medium-sized vessels also have valves - often associated with blood vessels - can be seen as pale gold in colour

Question 41

Describe the structure of major lymph-collecting vessels

Answer 41

**Superficial lymphatic** - In subcutaneous layer of the skin - In areolar tissues of mucus membranes that line the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts - In the areolar tissue, serous membranes line the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities **Deep lymphatic** - Accompany deep arteries and veins that supply the skeletal muscles and other organs of the neck, limbs, trunk and walls of the visceral organs *These form lymphatic trunks which empty into 2 large collecting vessels- the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic trunk*