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Body Systems > Anatomy Of Breathing > Flashcards

Anatomy Of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

In the thorax, separated by mediastinum (space between the lungs) and heart

Extend from the neck to the diaphragm

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2
Q

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

A

The diaphragm

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3
Q

Describe the shape and texture of the lungs.

A

Conical shaped with a soft, spongy texture

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4
Q

What is the apex of the lung?

A

The top part of the lung that lies above the clavicle

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5
Q

What are the three surfaces of the lungs?

A
  • Diaphragmatic surface (base) - sits on the diaphragm
  • Costal surface (large surface) - lies adjacent to the ribs
  • Mediastinal surface - faces the mediastinum
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6
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

Three lobes: Superior, Middle, Inferior

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7
Q

What fissures (slits) are present in the right lung?

A
  • Oblique fissure - separates superior and middle lobe from the inferior lobe
  • Horizontal fissure - separates superior and middle lobe
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8
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

Two lobes: Superior, Inferior

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9
Q

What fissure is present in the left lung?

A

Oblique fissure

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10
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

Located on the mediastinal surface

The area where the pulmonary vessels, bronchi, bronchial vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter/leave the lung

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11
Q

What factors affect the lungs?

A

Compliance (distensibility)
Ability of the lungs to expand and allow air to enter
Affected by
- connective tissue structure of the lungs
- level of surfactant (hard for alveoli to reexpand)
- mobility of the thoracic cage (lungs are connected)

Elasticity
- elastic tissue allow lung expansion during inspiration and recoil during expiration

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12
Q

What is the function of the pleura?

A
  • Reduces friction during breathing (friction causes pain)
  • Creates a pressure gradient which assists in ventilation
  • Compartmentalises (separates) each lung to reduce spread of infection
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13
Q

What are the two layers of the pleura?

A
  • Visceral pleura - adheres to the lung
  • Parietal pleura - attaches to the thoracic wall and diaphragm
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14
Q

What does the bony thorax consist of?

A

Forms the skeleton of the chest wall

  • Sternum
  • Ribs (12 pairs)
  • Thoracic vertebrae (12)
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15
Q

What are the parts of the sternum?

A
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphisternum (cartilaginous)
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16
Q

How are the ribs attached to the thoracic vertebrae?

A

By the head and tubercle

Slope downwards and forwards

17
Q

How are the ribs arranged?

A

Ribs 1-10 attached by costal cartilage (at the front) to the sternum

  • 7 pairs true
  • 3 pairs false
  • 2 floating

Head of rib articulates with the body of the thoracic vertebra

Tubercle of rib articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra

18
Q

What are the three types of intercostal muscles?

A

Span the spaces between the ribs (intercostal spaces)

  • External intercostal muscles = superficial layer
  • Internal intercostal muscles = middle layer
  • Innermost intercostal muscles = deep layer
19
Q

What is the main function of the diaphragm?

A

Separates the thorax from the abdomen

20
Q

What is the role of the diaphragm in breathing?

A

Increases vertical diameter of the thorax during inspiration

21
Q

What is the difference between inspiration and expiration?

A
  • Inspiration:
  • Movement of air into the lungs
  • Occurs when intrapulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure
  • Expiration:
  • Movement of air out of the lungs
  • Occurs when intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
22
Q

What alters intrapulmonary pressure?

A

Changes in thoracic volume

23
Q

Fill in the blank: The contraction of the diaphragm is responsible for _______ increase in thoracic capacity during inspiration.

A

75%

24
Q

What muscles assist in forced inspiration?

A
  • Pectoralis minor - pulls towards the scapula = pulls ribs up
  • Sternocleidomastoid - brings sternum down
  • Scalenes - holds 1st and 2nd ribs = pulls lower ribs
  • Serratus anterior - pulls scapula forward
  • Pectoralis major - normally acts on arms but acts on ribs when humorous is fixed
25
Q

What muscles are involved in forced expiration?

A
  • Internal intercostal - depress the ribs and reduce the size of the thoracic cavity

Abdominal muscles:
* Rectus abdominis
* External oblique
* Transversus abdominis
* Internal oblique
Compress the abdomen and force the diaphragm upwards to reduce thoracic volume

26
Q

True or False: Quiet expiration is an active process.

A

False

27
Q

What happens to the rib elevation during forced expiration?

A

Internal and innermost intercostals depress the ribs

28
Q

What is an important difference between the right and left lung?

A

The right lung is wider and shorter than the left lung

due to displacement of liver

29
Q

What is the pleura?

A

A double layered serous membrane

The pleural cavity is a potential space between the parietal and visceral layers that contains a thin layer of serous fluid (holds the 2 layers together)

30
Q

How are the intercostal muscles arranged?

A

External intercostals - fibres run downwards and forwards

Internal intercostals - fibres run downwards and backwards

31
Q

What is the role of intercostal vessels & nerves?

A

Supply the muscles, adjacent skin and pleura

Course in the intercostal spaces between the internal intercostal and innermost intercostal muscles

32
Q

What is the structure of the diaphragm?

A
  • dome-shaped skeletal muscle with a central tendon
  • attached to the xiphisternum, costal margin, 11th & 12th ribs, and the lumbar vertebrae
  • openings for the inferior vena cava, oesophagus and aorta
  • fibrous pericardium (bottom of it) fused to central tendon
  • Innervated by the phrenic nerve
33
Q

How can thoracic volume be altered?

A

By changing the:
- vertical diameter (from top to bottom)
- anterior posterior (AP) diameter
- transverse diameter (between right and left side of rib)

34
Q

How can the vertical diameter be altered?

A
  • contraction of the diaphragm increases vertical diameter
  • relaxation of the diaphragm decreases vertical diameter
35
Q

How are the AP & transverse diameters increased?

A

Elevation of the ribs increases the AP and transverse diameters

Responsible for 25% increase in thoracic capacity

36
Q

What are the muscles of breathing?

A

Muscles of:
- quiet inspiration & expiration = occurs at rest
- forced inspiration & expiration (when greater intake of O2 is required) = occurs during exercise or respiratory illness

37
Q

What are the muscles involved in quiet inspiration?

A
  • the contracted diaphragm flattens to increase the vertical diameter of the thorax
  • the external intercostals elevate the ribs and increase AP and transverse diameters Responsible
38
Q

What muscles are involved in quiet expiration?

A

Passive process - the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax

Body Systems (19 decks)

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