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Body Systems > Anatomy Of The Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Anatomy Of The Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Provides oxygen to all body tissues
  • Removes carbon dioxide
  • Regulates blood pH
  • Defence against pathogens
  • Produces sound
  • Olfaction (sense of smell)
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2
Q

List the structures included in the upper respiratory tract.

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Larynx
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3
Q

List the structures included in the lower respiratory tract.

A
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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4
Q

What are the functions of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • protects lower tract
  • Warms and moistens air
  • Filters air
  • Olfaction (smell)
  • Production and resonation of sound
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5
Q

What are vibrissae?

A

Hairs at the entrance to the nose that trap large dust particles

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6
Q

What is the role of conchae in the nasal cavity?

A

Projections from lateral wall that produce turbulence to allow more time to warm and moisten the air

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7
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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8
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

Mucous to trap particles

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9
Q

What is the role of the rich capillary network under the mucosa in the nose?

A

Blood warms the air

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10
Q

What is the function of seromucous glands in the nasal cavity?

A

Secretions moisten the air

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11
Q

Where is the olfactory mucosa located?

A

In the upper aspect of the nose, above the superior conchae
Contain receptors for smell

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12
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Air-filled spaces in bones around the nose that lighten the skull and resonate sound
Secretions for the sinuses drain into nasal cavity

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13
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx - posterior to the nose
  • Oropharynx - posterior to the mouth
  • Laryngopharynx - posterior to the larynx
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14
Q

What are the main functions of the larynx?

A
  • Maintains an open airway
  • Prevents food and drink from entering the lower respiratory tract
  • Sound production

Also involved in coughing and defecation

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15
Q

What is the glottis?

A
  • The space between the vocal cords
  • Usually open to allow air flow
  • Closed during swallowing to prevent aspiration
  • Air vibrated over the vocal cords to produce sound
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16
Q

What is the anatomical structure of the trachea?

A
  • A tough, flexible tube, 4.5 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter
  • Extends from larynx to the carina (where trachea ends)
  • Lies anterior to the oesophagus
  • Contains 15-20 horseshoe shaped cartilages which keep airway open
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17
Q

What is the role of the trachealis muscle?

A

Joins posterior ends of cartilage and constricts during coughing to increase pressure

18
Q

What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Acts as a muscociliary escalator

19
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

A branching network of air tubes including primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi and bronchioles, terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles

20
Q

What structural changes occur in the bronchial tree?

A
  • Amount of cartilage decreases
  • Amount of smooth muscle increases
  • Height of epithelial cells decreases
21
Q

What type of epithelium lines the bronchioles?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with cilia

22
Q

What are Clara cells and their function?

A

Cells in bronchioles that produce surfactant

23
Q

What is the primary function of alveoli?

A

Site of gas exchange

Provide an extensive surface area for gas exchange

24
Q

How many alveoli are typically present in one lung?

A

150-250 million

surrounded by a network of capillaries

25
Q

What is the structure of an alveolus?

A
  • Type I alveolar cell (simple squamous epithelium) forms wall of alveolus
  • Type II alveolar cell (secretes surfactant) reduces surface tension to allow lungs to expand
  • Macrophage (phagocytoses small inhaled particles and bacteria) can go to blood or is coughed up and swallowed
  • respiratory membrane (air has to go across this to get to capillary) very thin for fast diffusion
26
Q

What comprises the respiratory membrane?

A
  • Epithelium of type I cell
  • Basement membrane of type I cell
  • Endothelium of capillary
  • Basement membrane of capillary

The two basement membranes tend to be fused together (so very thin!)

27
Q

What does the conductive portion of the respiratory tract include?

A

Passageway & preparation of air

  • Nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Primary bronchi
  • Secondary bronchi
  • Tertiary bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles (end of conduction)
28
Q

What does the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract include?

A

Gas exchange here

  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
  • Alveoli
29
Q

What do cilia do in the nose?

A

Waft the trapped particles to the pharynx where they can be swallowed

30
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Fibromuscular tube - forms a communal passageway for respiratory and gastrointestinal (food) systems

The close proximity of gastrointestinal and respiratory systems can lead to swallowing difficulties and aspiration of food & fluid

31
Q

What does the larynx consist of?

A
  • a cartilaginous skeleton
  • a lining made of membranes
  • vocal cords
  • muscles which move the vocal cords
32
Q

Describe the structure of primary bronchi

A
  • 2 of them = right and left
  • supply each lung
  • 2-3 cm long
  • right is wider and more vertical than left (as goes to the heart)
  • C- shaped cartilages
33
Q

Describe the structure of secondary bronchi (lobar)

A
  • supply lobes of the lungs (3 on right and 2 on left)
  • plates of cartilage
34
Q

Describe the structure of tertiary bronchi (segmental)

A
  • supply segments of the lung (10 on right and 8 on left)
  • plates of cartilage
35
Q

What type of epithelial cells line the bronchus?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells Act

36
Q

Describe the structure of bronchioles

A
  • no cartilage
  • simple columnar epithelium with cilia
  • few goblet cells
  • smooth muscle SO can constrict and dilate (to reduce/ increase flow)
  • each gives rise to 50-80 terminal bronchioles
37
Q

Describe the structure of terminal bronchioles

A
  • simple columnar epithelium with cilia
  • no goblet cells or mucous glands
  • Clara cells = produce surfactant (reduces surface tension)
  • each gives rise to 2 or more respiratory bronchioles
38
Q

Describe the structure of respiratory bronchioles

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelia
  • no cilia
  • Clara cells = produce surfactant
  • alveoli extend from the lumen SO gas exchange occurs here
39
Q

Describe alveoli

A
  • scattered alveoli on respiratory bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles —> alveolar ducts
  • alveolar ducts = elongated airways with walls made of alveoli —> alveolar sacs
  • alveolar sacs = spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli
40
Q

What is the conductive portion of the respiratory tract?

A

Concerned with filtering, warming and moistening the air and conducting the air into the lungs

41
Q

What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?

A

Includes all parts of the tract where gas exchange occurs

Body Systems (19 decks)

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