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Body Systems > Basic Tissues > Flashcards

Basic Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fundamental structural and functional unit of the body?

A

Cell

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2
Q

What is a collection of cells that perform a particular function?

A

Tissue

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3
Q

What consists of multiple tissues that work together to perform a particular function?

A

Organ

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4
Q

What is a group of organs with a collective function called?

A

Organ System

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5
Q

What is defined as one complete individual?

A

Organism

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6
Q

What are the four basic types of tissues?

A
  • Epithelia
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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7
Q

What are the important characteristics of epithelia?

A
  • Attachment
  • Avascularity
  • Regeneration
  • Polarity (apical and basal)
  • Basement membrane
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8
Q

What is the classification of epithelia based on?

A

Number of cell layers and the shape of the cells in the most superficial layer

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9
Q

What are the two classifications based on the number of cell layers?

A
  • Simple – one layer
  • Stratified – two or more layers
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10
Q

What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?

A
  • Squamous (flat)
  • Cuboidal (cube)
  • Columnar (rectangle)
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11
Q

What is the major function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Exchange of nutrients and gases

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12
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium located?

A

Blood vessels, alveoli

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13
Q

What is the major function of keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Protection, barrier (waterproof due to keratin)

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14
Q

Where is keratinised stratified squamous epithelium located?

A

Skin

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15
Q

What is the major function of non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Protection, barrier

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16
Q

Where is non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium located?

A

Oral cavity (not hard palate or gums), oesophagus

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17
Q

What is the major function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretion and absorption

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18
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium located?

A

Glands, kidney tubules

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19
Q

What are the surface modifications of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Microvilli

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20
Q

What is the characteristic of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A

Tall cells

Appears stratified but all cells touch the basement membrane

ONLY 1 LAYER

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21
Q

What do intercellular junctions do?

A

Bind one cell to another

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22
Q

What are the types of intercellular junctions?

A
  • Desmosomes
  • Hemidesmosomes
  • Tight junctions
  • Gap junctions
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23
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Very strong connections between adjacent cells that resist stretching and twisting

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24
Q

What do tight junctions prevent?

A

Passage of water and solutes between cells

25
Q

What is the function of gap junctions?

A

Cells held together by an interlocking membrane proteins containing a central pore

Allows movement of small molecules and ions between cells

Found in cardiac muscles

26
Q

What do hemidesmosomes do?

A

Attach cells to the basement membrane

Stabilises the position and anchor cells to the underlying tissue

27
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  • Forms a structural framework for the body
  • Supports, surrounds, and interconnects other tissue types
  • Protects delicate organs
  • Transports fluids and dissolved materials
  • Stores energy reserves
  • Defends body from microorganisms
28
Q

What is connective tissue composed of?

A

Cells within an extracellular matrix

29
Q

What is the main cell type in connective tissue that synthesizes the extracellular matrix?

A

Fibroblasts

30
Q

What are the two classifications of connective tissue?

A
  • Specialised connective tissue
  • Connective tissue proper
31
Q

What are examples of specialised connective tissue?

A
  • Blood
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
32
Q

What characterizes loose (areolar) connective tissue?

A

Contains lots of ground substance

Few fibres (collagen & elastic)

Variety of cells - fibroblasts (in all tissue), adipocytes, macrophages

Found under the epithelium that covers and lines the body surfaces

33
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

A

In the dermis

34
Q

What does dense regular connective tissue consist of?

A

Little ground substance

Many densely packed bundles of collagen fibres arranged haphazardly (any direction)

Few cells

35
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
36
Q

What are the similarities between all muscle types?

A
  • Elongated parallel to axis of contraction
  • Numerous mitochondria
  • Contractile elements
37
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

A

Moves and stabilises the skeleton

Forms sphincters in digestive and urinary tracts

Involved in respiration

38
Q

What characterizes skeletal muscle cells?

A
  • Long, cylindrical cells (length of whole muscle)
  • Striated (striped)
  • Multinucleated (more than one nucleus)
  • Innervated by somatic nervous system (voluntary nervous system)
39
Q

Where is smooth muscle located?

A

In the walls of organs, blood vessels, and airways

40
Q

What characterizes cardiac muscle?

A

Branched muscle fibres

Striated

1-2 central nuclei

Intercalated discs

Innervated by the autonomic nervous system

41
Q

Where is epithelia located?

A
  • cover surfaces i.e. skin, mouth, heart lining
  • lines cavities and tubes
  • forms glands
42
Q

What shape are simple squamous cells?

A

One layer of cells

Flat cells- oval shaped nuclei

43
Q

What shape are Keratinised stratified squamous cells?

A

Flat surface cells - oval shaped nuclei

Many layers = stratified

Keratin sits on surface of epithelium

44
Q

What shape are non-keratinised stratified squamous cells?

A

Flat surface cells - oval shaped nuclei

Many layers = stratified Keratin sits

45
Q

What shape are simple cuboidal epithelium cells?

A

Square cells - round nuclei

One layer

46
Q

What shape are simple columnar epithelium cells?

A

Tall cells - oval, basally located nuclei

One layer

47
Q

What are the major functions of simple columnar epithelium cells?

A

Absorption & secretion

48
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelium cells located?

A

Gastrointestinal tract

49
Q

What are modifications of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells?

A

Have cilia and goblet cells (produce mucus)

50
Q

Where are pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells located?

A

Trachea and large respiratory airways

51
Q

What are the functions of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells?

A

Mucociliary escalator

52
Q

What does the extracellular matrix consist of?

A
  • Ground substance
  • Tissue (extracellular) fluid
  • Fibres; collagen, reticular & elastic
53
Q

What is connective tissue proper?

A

Fills gaps between organs

Classified according to the type, arrangement and abundance of fibres, cells and ground substance

I.e. loose areolar, dense irregular, dense regular

54
Q

What does dense irregular connective tissue do?

A

Resists excessive stretching and distension

55
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

A

In tendons (muscles) and ligaments

56
Q

What does dense regular connective tissue consist of?

A

Little ground substance

Many densely packed bundles of collagen fibres arranged in parallel rows

Few cells

57
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle?

A

Gastrointestinal movement

Alters diameter of airways and blood vessels

58
Q

What characterises smooth muscle?

A
  • Short, fusiform (spindle shaped) cells
  • Non-striated
  • Single, centrally located nucleus
  • Innervated by autonomic nervous system (involuntary)
59
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

Found in the heart wall

Helps to circulate blood and to maintain blood pressure

Body Systems (19 decks)

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