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EOM 1 - Test 4 > Green (Delidow) - Amino Acids > Flashcards

Green (Delidow) - Amino Acids Flashcards

Dr. Green lecture from 2012 on same topic as Dr. Delidow's lectures this test

1
Q

What is formed when amino acids lose their amino groups?

A

a-Keto Acid

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2
Q

Where do the amino groups head in AA degradation?

Carbon skeletons?

A

Amino groups head for biosynthetic pathways, or the urea cycle through carbamoyl phosphate

Carbon skeletons are converted to a-Keto Acids and enter the citric acid cyle

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3
Q

Where does amino group catabolism occur?

A

Liver

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4
Q

What does muscle send to the liver to enter amino acid catabolism?

A

Alanine, Glutamine

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5
Q

What removes the amino group from AAs?

A

Aminotransferase

Transaminase

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6
Q

What is the amino group usually transfered to once removed from an AA?

What does this require?

A

Transfered to a-Ketoglutarate to form glutamate

Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP) coenzyme

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7
Q

What is the most common acceptor (and eventual donor) of amino groups?

A

Glutamate

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8
Q

Aside from Glutamate, what other AA can serve as aminotransferases?

A

Alanine to Pyruvate

Aspartate to Oxaloacetate

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9
Q

Where does oxidative deamination occur?

What catalyzes the reaction?

Final products?

A

Mitochondria

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

a-ketoglutarate / ammonia

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10
Q

What is a direct source of ammonia nitrogen for the urea cycle?

What other AA can provide the ammonia?

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase release of ammonia

Serine, threonine, glutamine

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11
Q

What is the destination of the a-ketoglutarate once ammonia removed?

A

Citric Acid Cycle

Glucose Synthesis

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12
Q

How is Glutamate Dehydrogenase regulated?

A

Activate: Low Energy

Inhibit: High Energy

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13
Q

How is ammonia formed in muscle transported to liver?

A

Glutamine, Alanine

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14
Q

Where is ammonia converted to urea?

A

Mitochondria

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15
Q

What can reduced liver function (inherited or acquired) cause?

A

Ammonia Intoxication, tremors, slurred speech, blurry vision

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16
Q

Where does the urea cycle occur?

A

Begins inside mitochondria, but subsequent steps take place in cytosol

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17
Q

What is the first step in the urea cycle?

What does this product donate to create?

A

Ammonia and CO2 form carbamoyl phosphate

Carbamoyl Phosphate donates carbomyl group to ornithine to form citrulline

18
Q

What combines with citrulline in the urea cycle?

What occurs to this product?

What occurs to this next product?

A

Citrulline combines with aspartate to form arginosuccinate

Argininosuccinate cleaved to release arginine and create fumarate

Arginine cleaved to yield urea and ornithine

19
Q

What is the main regulatory enzyme of the Urea Cycle?

A

Carbamoyl Phosphat Synthetase I (CPS I)

Activate: N-Acetylglutamate

20
Q

What are the sources of the Nitrogen (x 2) and Oxygen in Urea?

A

Nitrogens: Ammonia, Aspartate

Oxygen: CO2 , H2O

21
Q

What can increas the synthesis and activity of the urea cycle enzymes?

A

High protein diet

starvation

22
Q

What links the Urea Cycle to the CAC?

What can these be converted to?

A

Aspartate and Fumarate

Fumarate: Converted to Malate

23
Q

What cofactors are required to prepare the carbon skeletons to enter the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

THF, SAM

Tetrahydrobiopterin

24
Q

What AAs can form pyruvate?

A

Alanine

Serine

Cysteine

Glycine

Threonine

Tryptophan

All Sexy Chicas Get Trashy Tattoos

25
Q

Where are BCAAs (Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine) metabolized?

A

Muscle

26
Q

What are limiting AA during periods of tisue growth?

A

Histidine

Arginine

27
Q

AA Derived from Glutamate

A

Glutamine

Arginine

Proline

GLUTE GAP

28
Q

AA Derived from Serine

A

Glycine

Cysteine

Ser Glyde Cyster

29
Q

AA Derived from Aspartate

A

Methionine, Asparagine, Lysine, Threonine

Aspartate MALT

30
Q

AA Derived from Pyruvate

A

Valine, Alanine, Isoleucine, Leucine

Pyruvate VAIL

31
Q

Where are major sites of heme synthesis

A

Liver (cytochromes)

RBCs (Hb)

32
Q

PKU

A

Defect in Phenylalanine Hydroxylase

Inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine

Screened in babies, special diet

33
Q

Alkaptonuria

A

Defect in homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase

Conversion of homgentisate to maleylacetoacetate

Buildup of homogentisate, black urine

34
Q

Alanine is converted to what in the liver?

A

Pyruvate

35
Q

What are the ketogenic AAs?

A

Leucine, Lysine

36
Q

What AAs are ketogenic and glucogenic?

A

PITT

Phenylalanine

Isoleucine

Tryptophan

Tyrosine

37
Q

What type of reaction is involved in Histamine synthesis

A

Decarboxylation

38
Q

What is most likely to result from lead poisoning?

A

Erythropoeietic protoporphyria

39
Q

What is most abundant AA in body?

A

Glutamine

40
Q
A

EOM 1 - Test 4 (19 decks)

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