Green - Carbohydrates

Question 1

Isomer

Answer 1

Same formula

Question 2

Stereoisomer

Answer 2

Molecules bonded in same order

Question 3

Constitutional Isomer

Answer 3

Same formula, molecules NOT in same order

Question 4

Enantiomers

Answer 4

Mirror images

Question 5

Diastereomers

Answer 5

Not mirror images Have different properties!

Question 6

Epimers

Answer 6

Two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom

Question 7

Aldose

Answer 7

Carbonyl at end of carbon chain

Question 8

Hemiacetal

Acetal

Answer 8

Addition of alcohol to aldehyde end of carbon chain

Addition of another alcohol

Question 9

Hemiketal

Ketal

Answer 9

Addition of alcohol to ketone end of carbon chain

Addition of another alcohol

Question 10

Ketose

Answer 10

Carbonyl at any position other than end of chain

Question 11

Glycosidic Bond

Answer 11

Joining of two sugar molecules reaction of hydroxyl group with anomeric carbon of another Can be hydrolyzed by ACID, but resist cleavage by BASE

Question 12

Pyranoses

Answer 12

6-membered rings

Question 13

Furanoses

Answer 13

5-membered rings

Question 14

Anomeric Carbon

Answer 14

Former carbonyl carbon; new chiral center

Question 15

Anomers

Answer 15

Isomeric form of monosaccharide that differ only in anomeric carbon

Question 16

What determines alpha/beta configuration? How does do you determine configuration?

Answer 16

Former carbonyl oxygen that becomes hydroxyl group

Alpha - hydroxyl opposite side of CH₂OH

Beta - hydroxyl same side as CH₂OH

Question 17

Reducing Sugar

Answer 17

Free anomeric carbon (C-1) with hydroxyl group

Question 18

Homopolysaccharide

Answer 18

Same monomer to form polymer, can be branched or unbranced

Question 19

Heteropolysaccharide

Answer 19

Can have two monomers, or multiple monomers.

Branched or unbranched

Question 20

Diabetes short and long team measurements?

Answer 20

Short - Measuring blood glucose

Long - Measuring HbA_1C

Question 21

Glycated Hemoglobin

Answer 21

Non-enzymatic reaction that attached glucose to Hb

Question 22

Cental site for carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 22

Liver, only exporter of glucose

Question 23

Amylose

Answer 23

Energy storage in plants

Question 24

Glycogen

Answer 24

Energy storage in bacteria and animal cells

Major bonds α(1-4)

Structure similar to amylopectin, (α1-6) branches every 8-12 residues

Can store higher concentration of glucose as glycogen

Question 25

Cellulose

Answer 25

Structural rigidity in cell walls Linear unbranched glucose polymer, in β configuration

Question 26

Chitin

Answer 26

Structure in insect/crustacean exoskeleton

Question 27

Dextran

Answer 27

Structural in bacteria, extracellular adhesive Found in dental plaque (α1-6) linked poly-D-glucose with (α1-3) branches Additional (α1-2, 4) branches

Question 28

Peptidoglycan

Answer 28

Structure, bacterial cell envelope

Question 29

Agarose

Answer 29

Structure, algae cell wall

Question 30

Hyaluronan

Answer 30

Structure in vertebrates; ECM of skin/connective tissue, viscosity and lubrication in joints

Question 31

Aglycone

Answer 31

Glycosidic bond w/non-sugar Can be methanol, glycerol, sterol, phenol, or base Amine to form ATP Steroids to form cardiac glycosides

Question 32

Mild Oxidizing Agents

Answer 32

Cu²⁺

Question 33

Common Reducing Sugars

Answer 33

Lactose Maltose

Question 34

Non-Reducing Sugars

Answer 34

Sucrose Trehalose

Question 35

Starch

Answer 35

Storage polysaccharide in plants Polymers of glucose Two types: amylose (α1-4 linked D-glucose) amylopectin (α1-6 linked D-glucose)

Question 36

Inulin

Answer 36

Polysaccharide of **fructose** Water soluble, not digested Filtered through **kidneys** and **excreted in urine** **Used to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR)**

Question 37

Glycosaminoglycans

Answer 37

Contain amino sugars and uronic acids ## Footnote **Can be attached to proteins to form proteoglycans**

Question 38

Glycoproteins

Answer 38

Proteins containing branched or unbranced oligosaccharide chains Carbohydrate attached via **anomeric carbon** **N- and O-linkages**

Question 39

Hypoglycemia vs Hyperglycemia

Answer 39

Hypo - Too little glucose Hyper - Too much glucose