Green - Carbohydrates Flashcards
Isomer
Same formula
Stereoisomer
Molecules bonded in same order
Constitutional Isomer
Same formula, molecules NOT in same order
Enantiomers
Mirror images
Diastereomers
Not mirror images Have different properties!
Epimers
Two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom
Aldose
Carbonyl at end of carbon chain
Hemiacetal
Acetal
Addition of alcohol to aldehyde end of carbon chain
Addition of another alcohol
Hemiketal
Ketal
Addition of alcohol to ketone end of carbon chain
Addition of another alcohol
Ketose
Carbonyl at any position other than end of chain
Glycosidic Bond
Joining of two sugar molecules reaction of hydroxyl group with anomeric carbon of another Can be hydrolyzed by ACID, but resist cleavage by BASE
Pyranoses
6-membered rings
Furanoses
5-membered rings
Anomeric Carbon
Former carbonyl carbon; new chiral center
Anomers
Isomeric form of monosaccharide that differ only in anomeric carbon
What determines alpha/beta configuration? How does do you determine configuration?
Former carbonyl oxygen that becomes hydroxyl group
Alpha - hydroxyl opposite side of CH2OH
Beta - hydroxyl same side as CH2OH
Reducing Sugar
Free anomeric carbon (C-1) with hydroxyl group
Homopolysaccharide
Same monomer to form polymer, can be branched or unbranced
Heteropolysaccharide
Can have two monomers, or multiple monomers.
Branched or unbranched
Diabetes short and long team measurements?
Short - Measuring blood glucose
Long - Measuring HbA1C
Glycated Hemoglobin
Non-enzymatic reaction that attached glucose to Hb
Cental site for carbohydrate metabolism
Liver, only exporter of glucose
Amylose
Energy storage in plants
Glycogen
Energy storage in bacteria and animal cells
Major bonds α(1-4)
Structure similar to amylopectin, (α1-6) branches every 8-12 residues
Can store higher concentration of glucose as glycogen
Cellulose
Structural rigidity in cell walls
Linear unbranched glucose polymer, in β configuration
Chitin
Structure in insect/crustacean exoskeleton
Dextran
Structural in bacteria, extracellular adhesive
Found in dental plaque
(α1-6) linked poly-D-glucose with (α1-3) branches
Additional (α1-2, 4) branches
Peptidoglycan
Structure, bacterial cell envelope
Agarose
Structure, algae cell wall
Hyaluronan
Structure in vertebrates; ECM of skin/connective tissue, viscosity and lubrication in joints
Aglycone
Glycosidic bond w/non-sugar
Can be methanol, glycerol, sterol, phenol, or base
Amine to form ATP
Steroids to form cardiac glycosides
Mild Oxidizing Agents
Cu2+
Common Reducing Sugars
Lactose
Maltose
Non-Reducing Sugars
Sucrose
Trehalose
Starch
Storage polysaccharide in plants
Polymers of glucose
Two types:
amylose (α1-4 linked D-glucose)
amylopectin (α1-6 linked D-glucose)
Inulin
Polysaccharide of fructose
Water soluble, not digested
Filtered through kidneys and excreted in urine
Used to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Glycosaminoglycans
Contain amino sugars and uronic acids
Can be attached to proteins to form proteoglycans
Glycoproteins
Proteins containing branched or unbranced oligosaccharide chains
Carbohydrate attached via anomeric carbon
N- and O-linkages
Hypoglycemia vs Hyperglycemia
Hypo - Too little glucose
Hyper - Too much glucose
