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Pete's Spanish Decks > Grammer Glossary > Flashcards

Grammer Glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

Indefinite Article

A

Use indefinite articles to refer to unspecified persons or things. The words a, an and “some” in English. un, unos, una, unas in Spanish

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2
Q

Definite Article

A

Use definite articles to refer to specific nouns. The word “the” in English. el, los la, las in Spanish

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3
Q

Adjective

A

A “describing” word that tells you more about about a person or thing, such as appearance, color, size (i.e. pretty, blue, big). Descriptive Adjectives agree in gender and/or number with the nouns or pronouns they describe.

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4
Q

Noun

A

A naming word for a living being, thing or idea. (i.e. woman, desk, happiness, Peter)

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5
Q

Object

A

A noun or pronoun which refers to a person or thing that is affected by the action described by the verb.

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6
Q

Verb

A

A “doing” word that describes what someone or something does, is, or what happens to them. (i.e.be, sing, live)

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7
Q

Subject Pronoun

A

A word such as I, He, She, They, We that carries out the action described by the verb.

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8
Q

Subject

A

A noun or pronoun that refers to the person or thing doing the action or being in the state described by the verb.

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9
Q

Pronoun

A

A word which you use instead of a noun, when you do not want or do not need to name someone or something directly. (i.e. It, You, None)

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10
Q

Preposition

A

A word or words that describe the relationship , most often in time and space, between two other words. Anita if from California. The jacket is in the car. Marta combed her hair before going out.

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11
Q

Possessive Pronoun

A

One of the words, mine, yours, hers, ours or theirs, used instead of a noun to show who something belongs to.

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12
Q

Dipthong

A

A, E, O, are considered STRONG Vowels I, U, are considered WEAK vowels. Dipthong is a combination of two weak vowels or of a strong vowel and a weak vowel. Dipthongs are pronounced as a single syllable. (i.e. ruido, bailer, seis, periodista)

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13
Q

Possessive Adjectives

A

Words used to qualify people, places or things. Possessive adjectives express the quality of ownership or possession.

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14
Q

Pronunciación Words that end in n, s, or a VOWEL

A

Usually stressed on the Next to last syllable pe-LO-ta, pis-CI-na, RA-tos, HA-blan

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15
Q

Pronunciación Words that end in n, s, or a VOWEL AND are stressed on the LAST syllable

A

MUST carry an accent mark on the stressed syllable

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16
Q

Pronunciación Words that DO NOT end in n ,s or a VOWEL

A

are usually stressed on the last syllable. bay-LAR, es-pañ-OL, tra-ba-ja-DOR

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17
Q

Pronunciación Words that DO NOT end in n, s or a VOWEL that ARE stressed on the next to last syllable

A

must carry an accent mark on the stressed syllable BÉIS-bol, LÁ-piz, ÁR-bol

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18
Q

Masculine nouns referring to living things:

A

End in: -o el chico -or el conductor -ista el turista

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19
Q

Feminine nouns referring to living things:

A

End in: -a la chica -ora la conductora -ista la tourista

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20
Q

Masculine nouns referring to non-living things:

A

End in: -o el cuaderno -ma el problema -s el país

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21
Q

Feminine nouns referring to non-living things:

A

End in: -a la cosa -ción la lección -dad la comunidad

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22
Q

Plural of nouns

A

Nouns that end in a vowel form the plural by adding -s. Nouns that end in a consonant ad -es. Nouns that end in -z, change the z to c then add -es. Accent is dropped in plural forms

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23
Q

Pronunciación of consonants d and t d is pronounced with a hard sound

A

At the beginning of a phrase and after n, or l. i.e. Don, dinero, tienda, falda In all other positions, d has a soft sound i.e. medias, verde, vestido, huésped

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24
Q

The Present Progressive = (estar + Present Participle (ing))

A

-ar stem + ando -er stem + iendo -ir stem + iendo When the stem ends in a vowel the present participle ends in yendo leer le+yendo leyendo traer tra+yendo trayendo

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25
Q

Irregular Present Participles

A

ir, poder, venir are irregular ir = yendo poder = pudiendo venir = viniendo -ir stem-changing verbs have a stem change in the present participle. preferir - prefiriendo conseguir - consiguiendo dormir - durmiendo

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26
Q

Direct object noun

A

receives the action of the verb directly and generally follows the verb.

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27
Q

When the direct object noun is a person or pet

A

the D.O.N is preceded by “a”. The personal a. Francisco vista a Juan.

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28
Q

Direct Object Pronouns

A

Direct Object Pronouns are words that replace direct object nouns. Avoids repeating the noun. me te lo la nos os los las

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29
Q

Direct Object Pronoun placement

A

In affirmative sentences the DOP appears BEFORE the conjugated verb. Adela lo practica. In negative sentences the DOP is placed between the word NO and the verb. Diego no las hace.

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30
Q

Direct Object Pronouns when the verb is in the infinitive construction (two verbs) ir a + [infinitive]

A

the DOP can be placed BEFORE the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive.

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31
Q

Direct Object Pronouns where the verb is in the Present Progressive

A

the DOP can be placed BEFORE the conjugated verb or attached to the Present Participle. When attached to the present participle an accent mark is added to maintain the proper stress.

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32
Q

The Present Progressive

A

Present Progressive = Present tense of Estar + (Infinitive stem+ present participle)

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33
Q

Present Participle of Regular -ar, -er, -ir verbs

A

-ar = -ando hablando -er = -iendo comiendo -ir = -iendo escribiendo

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34
Q

Irregular Present Participle when stem of a -er or -ir verb ends in a vowel

A

leer - leyendo oir - oyendo traer - trayendo

35
Q

Irregular Present Participle for Ir, poder and venir

A

ir = yendo poder = pudiendo venir = viniendo

36
Q

Present Participle for -Ir stem-changing verbs

A

have a stem change in the present participle preferir = prefiriendo conseguir = consiguiendo dormir = durmiendo

37
Q

Direct Objects

A

A noun or pronoun that directly receives the action of the verb.

38
Q

Personal “a”

A

When a direct object noun is a person or a pet, it is preceded by the word “a”.

39
Q

Direct Object Pronouns

A

Words that replace direct object nouns. Used to avoid repeating a noun already mentioned. me te lo la nos os los las

40
Q

Direct Object Pronoun Rules - Affirmative and Negative sentences

A
  1. In affirmative sentences, DOP generally appear BEFORE the conjugated verb. 2. In negative sentences the DOP is placed BETWEEN the word no and the verb.
41
Q

Direct Object Pronoun Rules - Infinitive Construction

A

When the verb is in infinitive construction (two verbs) the DOP can be placed before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive.

42
Q

Direct Object Pronoun Rules - Present Progressive

A

The DOP can be placed BEFORE the conjugated form or attached to the present participle. An accent mark must be added to maintain stress. Gerardo la está leyendo Gerardo está leyéndola.

43
Q

Saber - when to use

A

FIDO Facts Information: quién, qué, por qué, dondé, cuándo, cómo, quánto DO: how to do something

44
Q

Conocer - when to use

A

To know or be familiar with: People - use the personal”a” Places Pets Things

45
Q

Indirect Object

A

A noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb indirectly. The object, often a living being answers the question “to whom or for whom is the action being done”. me te le nos os les IOP agree in number with the corresponding nouns, but not in gender.

46
Q

Indirect Object Pronouns - Use

A

Use both the IOP “le” and “les” and the noun to which it refers in the same sentence.

47
Q

Indirect Object Pronoun Rules - Affirmative and Negative sentences

A
  1. In affirmative sentences, IOP generally appear BEFORE the conjugated verb. 2. In negative sentences the IOP is placed BETWEEN the word no and the verb.
48
Q

Indirect Object Pronoun Rules - Infinitive Construction

A

When the verb is in infinitive construction (two verbs) the IOP can be placed before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive.

49
Q

Indirect Object Pronoun Rules - Present Progressive

A

The IOP can be placed BEFORE the conjugated form or attached to the present participle. An accent mark must be added to maintain stress. Él está escribiéndole una postal a ella. Él le está escribiendo una postal a ella.

50
Q

Indirect Object Pronoun Rules - le and les

A

Le and Les have multiple meanings, clarify to whom the pronouns refer with the preposition a + [pronoun] or [noun] Ella le describe un libro a Juan.

51
Q

Preterite Tense - Completed in the past

A

-ar verbs -er/-ir verbs comprar vender escribir compré vendí escribí compraste vendiste escribiste compró vendió escribió compramos vendimos escribimos comprasteis vendisteis escribisteis compraron vendieron escribieron

52
Q

Preterite Tense - Verbs that end in -car, -zar, -gar

A

Spelling change in the first person “yo” buscar = busqué llegar = llegué empezar = empecé

53
Q

Preterite Tense - Stem change verbs

A

-ar and -er verbs that have stem changes in the present tense are REGULAR in the preterite. -ir verts that have a stem change in the present tense also have a stem change in the preterite.

54
Q

Preterite Tense - creer, leer, oir, ver

A

creí, creíste, creyó, creímos, creísteis, creyeron leí, leíste, leyó, leímos, leísteis, leyeron oí, oíste, oyó, oímos, oísteis, oyeron Ver is regular in the preterite but has no accent vi, viste, vio, vimos, visteis, vieron

55
Q

Demonstrative adjectives

A

Agree in gender and number with the corresponding noun This and these - have no “t’s” that and those - no “t” goes And an “a” for far away este esta estos estas ese esa esos esas aquel aquella aquellos aquellas

56
Q

Demonstrative Pronouns

A

Agree in gender and number with the corresponding noun. Allows you to point to a noun without referencing it. Carry an accent mark on the stressed vowel éste ésta éstos éstas ése ésa ésos ésas aquél aquélla aquéllos aquéllas

57
Q

Personal “a” before the person/pet

A
  1. When a person is acted on by the verb in the sentence. Él señor mira a las chicas. Pedro conoce a una persona famosa. 2. When pets, animals or anything is treated like a person and is the object of the verb. Mi gusto muerde a los chicos gordos.
58
Q

The Present Progressive

A

Present Progressive = Present tense of Estar + (Infinitive stem+ present participle)

59
Q

Present Participle of Regular -ar, -er, -ir verbs

A

-ar = -ando hablando -er = -iendo comiendo -ir = -iendo escribiendo

60
Q

Irregular Present Participle when stem of a -er or -ir verb ends in a vowel

A

leer - leyendo oir - oyendo traer - trayendo

61
Q

Irregular Present Participle for Ir, poder and venir

A

ir = yendo poder = pudiendo venir = viniendo

62
Q

Present Participle for -Ir stem-changing verbs

A

have a stem change in the present participle preferir = prefiriendo conseguir = consiguiendo dormir = durmiendo

63
Q

Indirect Object Pronouns

A

A noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb indirectly. The object, often a living being answers the question “to whom or for whom is the action being done”. me te le nos os les IOP agree in number with the corresponding nouns, but not in gender.

64
Q

When to NOT use the personal “a”

A
  1. With the verbs see, tener, hay Juan es profesor. Tengo dos hermanos, Hay chicos en las casa. 2. When the direct object is an unspecified person. Busco un amigo leal.
65
Q

In a complex question that requires a personal “a”

A

Place the “a” BEFORE the interrogative. ¿A quién amas? ¿A quién miras?

66
Q

Use of personal “a” when there is a series of direct objects

A

Each one requires a personal “a”. Veo a Juan, a Maria, a Miquel.

67
Q

When the personal “a” precedes the definite article el

A

contract to form al. Veo al chico.

68
Q

Describing weather - hacer , estar

A

Both are conjugated only in the third person (hace, está). Always use: hace + noun está + adjective or gerund

69
Q

Saber - Uses

A

Saber que… to know that Saber + Infinitive: to know how to do something (do NOT add como to the sentence. Sé leer. Sabemos esquiar

70
Q

Conocer - Uses

A

Conocer + “a”: to know a person. Conozco a Felipe. Conocer + location: to know a place. Conozco Toronto Conocer + noun. To know (be familiar) with a thing, or be well versed in an area. Peter conoce los libos del Dr. Suess.

71
Q

Infinitives ending with -CER PRECEDED by a VOWEL i.e. Conocer

A

Irregular only in yo form - place a z before final c conozco

72
Q

Infinitives ending with -ucir i.e. Producir

A

Irregular only in yo form - place a z before final c Produzco

73
Q

Infinitives ending with -cer or -cir PRECEDED by a CONSONANT i.e. ejercer

A

Irregular only in yo form - place a z replaces c ejerzo

74
Q

Infinitives ending with -ger or -gir i.e. coger, corregir (e>i)

A

You need to retain the soft g Irregular only in yo form - the g changes to j i.e. cojo, corrijo

75
Q

Infinitives ending with -aer i.e. caer, traer

A

Yo form ends with -aigo i.e. caigo, traigo

76
Q

Infinitives ending with -uir NOT preceded by g i.e. huir, destruir

A

Irregular in all of the forms EXCEPT nosotros and vosotros. ADD Y to the stem before the verb ending is attached. i.e. huyo, huyes, huye, huyen. Detruyo, destruyes, destruye, destruyen.

77
Q

Infinitives ending with -guir. i.e. distinguir, seguir (e>i)

A

Here the infinitive must retain the HARD G. Only in YO form drop the u. i.e. distingo, sigo.

78
Q

Indefinite and Negative Words

A

algo - something; anything nada - nothing; not anything alguien - someone, somebody, anyone nadie - no one; nobody; not anyone alguno/a(s), algún - some; any ninguno/a, ningún - no; none; not any o…o - either; or n…n - neither; nor siempre - always nunca, jamás - never, not ever también - also; too tampoco - neither; not either

79
Q

2 ways to create a negative sentence

A
  1. Place negative word BEFORE the verb - Ellos nunca gritan. 2. Place no before the verb with the negative word AFTER the verb. - Ellos no gritan nunca.
80
Q

Personal a with alguien and nadie

A

Alguien and nadie refer to people therefore always use the personal a. - ¿Busca ousted a alguien?

81
Q

Personal a with alguno/a, algunos/as and ninguno/a.

A

Use the personal a BEFORE alguno and ninguno when these words refer to people AND they are the direct object of the verb. - No bunco a ninguno.

82
Q

Alguno and ninguno when preceding a single masculine noun

A

are both shortened to algún and ningún

83
Q

pero and sino

A

pero - but Sino - means rather or on the contrary. It is used when the first part of the sentence is negative and the second part of the sentence contradicts it. Maria no habla francés sino español.

84
Q

Adverb

A

An adverb is a word that changes or simplifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb, clause, or sentence.

Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent?

Adverbs are words like slowly, now, soon, and suddenly

Pete's Spanish Decks (46 decks)

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