Grammatical Analysis Flashcards
Active Voice
A clause is in active voice when the agent (‘doer’ of the dynamic verb) is in subject position
The cat was chasing the mouse. In this sentence, ‘the cat’ is the subject, ‘was chasing’ is the verb and ‘the mouse’ is the object.
Active Voice- I was doing my assignment. Passive Voice- The assignment was being done by me.
Adverbial
A phrase modifying a verb
Sam said it in a polite way.
John was walking so quickly.
I will meet you tomorrow.
Jeff was speaking so roughly.
The man was shouting very loudly.
Affected
The noun impacted upon the action of the verb
Complement
A noun phrase, prepositional phrase or adjective, giving additional information about another noun phrase
“The box is a present” ‘a present’ is the subject complement which identifies the subject ‘the box’
Complex sentence
A sentence with one or more subordinate clauses
Compound sentence
A sentence with multiple main clauses only
Co-ordination
Linking main clauses to other main clauses to create compound sentences
Clause
A ‘string’ of words containing a verb
Declarative mood
When a clause functions to declare information
Derivational bound morpheme
A morpheme affixed to a root, altering the meaning
eg, ful, ment ness
Exclamatory mood
When a clause functions to convey emotion
Head
The noun at the heart/ core of a phrase, carrying most meaning
Imperative mood
When a clause functions to give command
Inflectional bound morpheme
A morpheme affixed to a root, changing the form.
Plural -s,-es
Possesive -‘s
tense -ed
comparison -er
superlative -est
Interrogative mood
When a clause functions to pose a question
Major sentence
A sentence including a verb
Minor sentence
A sentence not including a verb
Noun phrase
A head noun plus its pre modification and/or post modification
(small group of words containing a noun but not a verb) eg in the sentence “I found the owner of the dog” “the owner of the dog” is a noun phrase
noun phrase
A noun phrase consists of a noun plus any modifiers, complements, and determiners that provide more information about the noun. the extremely tall building next to the ancient bowling alley. (noun phrase)
Passive Voice
A clause is in passive voice when the affected (the ‘thing’ suffering the action of the verb) is in subject position
eg The ball was kicked by Chester.
Perfect aspect
When the action of the verb has finished
I’ve lived here for ten years. (from 10 years ago until now)
Have you seen my new bike? (at any time up to now)
Prepositional phrase
A phrase beginning with a preposition, and including a noun phrase
Primary auxiliary verb
“to be”, “to have” and “to do”, when they are not the main verb
These verbs modify other verbs in a full verb phrase, e.g. ‘is going’, ‘has gone’, or ‘did go’. 1. When they function as modifiers, the primary auxiliary verbs ‘is’, ‘do’ and ‘have’ give information about the tense and aspect of the verb phrase.
Progressive aspect
When the action of the verb is still continuing
Present Progressive Tense
The whale is eating plankton.
Past Progressive Tense
The whale was eating plankton.
Future Progressive Tense
The whale will be eating plankton.
Relative clause
Post-modifying clause beginning with a relative pronoun
“My friend, who just moved here, is coming to dinner with us.” In this sentence, the relative clause is “who just moved here,” because it begins with the relative pronoun “who” which refers to the sentence’s subject.
Root morpheme
The morpheme at the core of a word, carrying most of the meaning
For example, in the word ‘unspeakable,’ ‘speak’ would be the root morpheme because ‘un’ and ‘able’ both modify ‘speak.
Simple sentence
A sentence made up of just one main clause and nothing else.
Subject noun phrase
The noun phrase positioned before the verb
Subordination
Linking subordinate clauses to main clauses to create complex sentences
Tense
The form of the verb, relating to when the dynamic action takes place
verb phrase (or group)
A main verb, plus it’s potential adverbs, negator and auxiliary verbs
He has appeared on screen as an actor. (verb phrase is ‘has appeared’)
What are the two types of auxiliary verbs
Modal aux - allows us to expres whether something is likely, possible or neccessary. Should, might, could.
Primary aux- allows us to express aspect. Aspect is a difficult thing to define but has to do with the relation between actions or states. Two primary aux to show aspect are - have+be.
What are the two types of modal verbs
epidemic - possibility You must be hungry
Deontic- obligation You must leave now!
What is synthetic personalisation
the process of addressing mass audiences as though they were individuals through inclusive language usage.
usually paired with second person personal pronoun “you” “yourself” ““your”
