grammatical acquisition Flashcards
what do syntactical advances allow for?
order words into phrases and clauses and make different utterances such as simple, compound, interrogative, imperative, declarative.
what does inflectional morphology allow for?
add inflections, creating tense, plurals, possession.
what does derivational morphology allow for?
add prefixes and suffixes to convert words to different class.
explain grammar in holophrastic stage.
single words convey complex messages, actively learning. use intonation. one word multiple meanings.
explain grammar in two-word stage.
loosely pair holophrases together becoming more advanced, usually subject+verb or verb+object. needs basic understanding of grammar. lexicon = around 50
explain grammar in telegraphic stage.
combine 3+ words, meanings more explicit. function words left out (determiners and copula verbs)
explain grammar in post-telegraphic stage.
function words used more accurately. combine clauses, subordinating conjunctions, noun phrases.
how is formation of questions developed?
in 1/2 word stages, rising intonation. by telegraphic, yes/no interrogatives formed. changes syntax and use of auxiliary verbs.
what order are interrogative words formed and why that order?
what, where, why, when. what is much easier to understand than why.
what is an auxiliary verb?
helper verb to main verb, may express tense, modality or emphasis.
what does MLU stand for?
mean length of utterance.
what is a copula verb?
linking subject to identity or description.
what is a morpheme?
smallest individual thing that has meaning and cannot be broken down further.
what is a free morpheme?
can stand alone as a word e.g dog.
what is a bound morpheme?
can’t exist outside of word e.g ism, anti.
what is a virtuous error?
child logically applying general rule to irregular.
who came up with the 3 stages of negation?
Bellugi.
first stage of negation?
uses “no” or “not” at start or end of utterance.
second stage of negation?
uses “no” or “not” inside of sentence.
third stage of negation?
attach negative to auxiliary and copula verb. need syntactic awareness
explain Bellugi’s 3 stages of pronouns.
1) child uses own name. 2) i/me pronoun being used in different places is recognised. 3)uses pronouns based on subject or object position.
why do children struggle to learn pronouns?
they change situationally. not concrete.
describe Cruttenden’s overgeneralisation stages.
1) words memorised on individual basis, no regard for rules. eg feet, ran.
2) aware of general rules and overgeneralise, eg runned, foots.
3) correct inflections for irregulars learnt.
what do Cruttenden’s stages show about children?
they are creative in learning and using language.
who came up with the WUG test?
Berko Gleason
what did the WUG test show?
children don’t just copy adults, they are creative. apply grammatical rules to imaginary words.
what does Brown say about 2 words being joined?
explores combinations. all countries and cultures make same relationships between concepts.
4 examples of Brown’s meaning relations?
negation, recurrence, agent + action, action + affected.
what is a hypernym?
overall category such as fruit.
what is a hyponym?
specific thing within category such as banana.
