Grammar Notes 1-5 Flashcards
W1 A/V-길래
- What is -길래 used for?
- What is the common equivalent that is used in written expressions?
- Can it be used with 과거형 and 미래형?
4,. Must the subject of the two clauses be the same?
- -길래 is used when the speaker has intentionally done something as a result of observing and judging a situation.
- -기에 would be more likely used in written expression whereas 길래 is often used in spoken discourse.
- Yes! -길래 can be used with 과거형 and 미래형
- NO. The subject of the preceeding and succeeding clause must be **different **
W1 -만 해도
- What is -만 해도 often used for? (2)
- What is it usually attached to?
만 해도 is used as
a. an indicator ‘to cite one example among many’, or
b. express a situation that is opposite to what was the case in the past i.e. ‘even just (X ago)’.
2. It is usually attached to nouns or time phrases
W1 -다 보면
- What is -다 보면 used for?
- Can 과거형 or 미래형 be used in the first clause?
- Can 과거형 or 미래형 be used in the second clause?
- -다 보면 indicates that if the first clause happens for a while – either continuously or repeatedly over some time period, the second clause is likely or will be sure to occur.
- No.
- The second clause is usually in the future tense. 과거형 cannot be used.
W1 -는 김에
- What is -는 김에 used for?
- Can it be used to talk about two unrelated actions?
- -는 김에 is used when it is convenient to do the second action because you are already doing the first. i.e. ‘while you’re at it’
- No, the second action must be related to the original purpose, otherwise -겸 should be used
W1 -(으)ㄹ 뻔하다
- What is -(으)ㄹ 뻔하다 used for?
- Which tenses can -(으)ㄹ 뻔하다 be conjugated into?
- Which word meaning ‘almost’ is often used with -(을) 뻔하다?
- -(으)ㄹ 뻔하다 indicates one’s relief that a past event almost happened but did not.
- It is always used in –(으)ㄹ 뻔했다 form.
- 하마터면 is often put before -(으)ㄹ 뻔하다
W1 -(으)ㄹ 까 해요
- What is -(으)ㄹ 까 해요 often used for?
- Which is strongest: -(으)려고 해요 or -(으)ㄹ 까 해요?
- -(으)ㄹ까 하다 is used to describe the speaker’s vague intention or plan that can easily be changed i.e. (I’m thinking of, I’m considering…)
- -(으)려고 해요 indicates a stronger intention than -(으)ㄹ 까 해요.
W2 A/V -더니
- What do the two parts that make up -더니 mean?
- What is (verb stem)-더니 used for? (2)
- Are the subjects of the preceeding and subceeding subjects the same?
- Is the subject usually the first person or the third person?
- -더니 is the combination of -더 (to experience/notice/learn/see something first hand) and –(으)니 (since, as, because).
- The first clause describes something to speaker witnessed or heard, and the second clause describes an additional situation or a resulting situation.
- The subjects must be the same in each clause
- The subject is usually the third person (ie. you are describing what you witnessed about something/someone else)
W2 A/V -더니
- How is -더니 different from -았/었더니 in meaning?
- How are the usage/rules about -더니 and -았/었더니 different? (2)
- 았/었더니 is used to describe an experience the speaker had then a realisation/result of that.
-더니 is used to describe something the speaker witnessed then a result of that. - -더니 can be used with adjectives but 았/었더니 can only be used with verbs. - 았/었더니 is usually in the first person, -더니 is usually in third.
W2 -아/어 내다
What does 아/어 내다 mean?
아/어 내다 means ‘do all the way (to the very end)’ despite the obstacles or harships
W2 N-만 못해요
- What is N-만 못해요 used for?
- N1이 N2만 못해요 - which noun is better?
N1 N2-만 못해요 is used to compare two nouns, meaning ‘inferior to, ‘not as good as’
- N1이 N2만 못해요 - N2 is better
W2 N-스럽다
- What does adding 스럽다 to a noun do?
- What kind of noun is 스럽다 often attached to?
- Turns a noun into an adjective, the adjective takes the characteristics of the noun (-ful, -ly, -some)
- 스럽다 is often added to abstract nouns (사랑 love, 자연 nature, 자랑 pride)
W2 N-답다
- What does adding -답다 do to a noun (how is it different from 스럽다)
- What kind of noun is 답다 often attached to?
- 답다 is attached to nouns and used to indicate that something has all the qualities or characteristics of the noun. Specifically, this expression refers to having the qualities that are typically expected in the particular noun.
- 답다 is often attached to concrete nouns (학생 student, 여자 woman)
Are the following sentences correct?
- 어른은 어른다워야 해요.
- 저 아이는 어른다워요.
- 우리 아이는 어른스러워요.
- 저 어른은 어른스러워요.
- 어른은 어른다워야 해요. (O)
- 저 아이는 어른다워요. (X)
Because this refers to having the exact qualities required of an adult, 답다 cannot be used to describe someone who is not an adult i.e. a child - 우리 아이는 어른스러워요. (O)
- 저 어른은 어른스러워요. (X)
Because this refers to having qualities of something else, 어른스럽다 cannot be used to describe an actual adult.
W2 -다고요 and -다니요
- What is -다고요 used for?
- What is -다니요 used for?
- -다고요? repeats the words of the other person, asking for for confirmation/clarification, or even showing disagreement.
- -다니요? is similar to -다고요 but indicates surprise or disbelief
W3 -기로 결심하다
- What does -기로 결심하다 mean?
- What other words can follow -기로?
- It means to resolve, to decide to do (stronger than 기로 하다)
- 결정하다, 약속하다,
W3 - 치고
What is 치고 used for (2)?
Which usage can be emphasised with 는?
- 치고 is used to show that a characteristic of N is true in all cases. It must be supported by a double negative structure.
- 치고(는) is used to indicate that it is an exception to the general rule.
W3 -덕분에
What is N덕분에, A/V+(으)ㄴ 덕분에 used for?
N덕분에, A/V+(으)ㄴ 덕분에 is used to show the positive effect of an action or state. It roughly translates to ‘thanks to… ‘
W3 -는 바람에
- What is 바람에 used for?
- Which tense is used in the second clause?
- Is it used with 동사 or 형용사?
- 바람에 used when an event or situation in the first statement leads to a result in the following statement which is mostly negative.
- 바람에 is always used to describe an event that has already occured, so the second clause but be in the past tense.
- It is only used with 동사. It can be used with 형용사 if -지다 is added.
W3 V-(으)나 마나
What is V-(으)나 마나 used for?
- V-(으)나 마나 means that there is no use or point to do the verb.
W3 V-(으)ㄴ/는 셈 치다
How is V-(으)ㄴ/는 셈 치다 used?
- V-(으)ㄴ/는 셈 치다 is used when considering a certain state of affairs to be true when they haven’t occurred in reality - ‘let’s just say’ or ‘assuming’.
W4 V-는 사이에
- What is it used for?
- What’s the main difference between 는 사이에 and (으)ㄴ 동안?
- This describes that an action occurs concurrently to another, it can be translated as ‘while… ing’.
- It is referring to a moment within a period of time, not the entire length of time, unlike (으)ㄴ 동안
W4 N-조차
- What is 조차 used for?
- Is it usually used in sentences with positive or negative form?
- N-조차 means ‘not even’ - it’s used to express that even the most basic thing (N) is not possible in the situation.
- 조차 sounds most popular in sentences with negative form e.g., N조차 못 하다
W4 V-(으)ㄹ걸요
- How is (으)ㄹ걸요 used?
- What situation is it most commonly used for?
- (으)ㄹ걸요 is used when the speaker states an unconfirmed assumption or supposition based on the speaker’s backup knowledge.
- When gently refuting a suggestion or statement made by a friend
Can (으)ㄹ 걸요 be used with the past tense?
Yes. (으)ㄹ 걸요 can be used to make a supposition about something that happened in the past.
e.g., 사람들이 다 그 한식당에 갈 거야 (= Today everybody will probably go to that Korean restaurant)
오늘은 추석이라서 식당이 안 열었을걸
(= It is Chuseok today so that restaurant probably didn’t open)
W4 (으)ㄴ/는 탓에
- What does 탓에 mean?
- What tense is it used with?
- 탓에 means ‘due to’ or ‘because’, it is used to give a reason for a negative event.
- 탓에 can be used with the present and past tense (in either clause)
What are the 4 key differences between 바람에 and (으)ㄴ/는 탓에?
- 바람에 can only be used with 동사 but 탓에 can be used with both.
- 바람에 can only be used for unintentional causes but 탓에 can be used for both.
- 바람에 can sometimes be used in a positive situation but 탓에 is always negative.
- 바람에 is always used to describe a situation in the past but 탓에 can be used in the present tense (such as for describing repeated situations)
W4 -(으)ㄴ/는 셈이다
What is -(으)ㄴ/는 셈이다 used for?
What connective is it often used with?
(으)ㄴ/는 셈이다 is used for saying something is ‘practically’ or ‘basically’ the same situation (more or less similar to eachother)
-(으)ㄴ/는 셈이다 is often used with (으)니까.
W4 AV-(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다
- What is -(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다 used for?
AV-(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다 is used to say that one ‘has no choice but to V’ or that something ‘can’t be helped’
W5 AV -(으)ㄴ/는 대로
- What are the two usages of (으)ㄴ/는 대로?
- What’s the difference between 자마자 and (으)ㄴ/는 대로?
- A/V-(으)ㄴ/는 대로 is used a) to signify ‘in the same way as A/V’ or b) that the following action occurs as soon as V is completed
- 자마자 and (으)ㄴ/는 대로 have the same meaning but 대로 cannot be used to describe past events
W5 A/V (으)ㄴ/는 대로
- Can (으)ㄴ/는 대로 be used with the negative form (안 V or V지 않다)?
- Do the subjects of each clause have to be the same when using (으)ㄴ/는 대로?
- No. Negative expressions (안 V or V지 않다) can’t be used before -(으)ㄴ/는 대로.
- Yes. The subjects of the clauses have to be the same when using (으)ㄴ/는 대로.
W5 V-(으)ㄹ 걸 (그랬다)
What does V-(으)ㄹ 걸 (그랬다) mean?
- V-(으)ㄹ 걸 (그랬다) expresses regret (I should have…)
W5 (으)ㄹ 걸 그랬다
What is the most common way that 그랬다 is conjugated?
The word 그랬다 can theoretically be conjugated any way, but the most common way is by adding ~나 or ~나 보다 to make a supposition
W5 V-아/어 대다
- What does is mean when 대다 is added to a verb?
This pattern indicates that the verb action is done excessively and continuously. It is usually used to deliver a negative feeling of the speaker.
W5 V-(으)려던 참이다
What does V-(으)려던 참이다 mean?
V-(으)려던 참이다 is used to indicate the speaker was just about to perform an action.
W5 V-(으)려던 참이다
Which phrase, similar to ‘as a matter of fact’ is often used before V-(으)려던 참이다?
그렇지 않아도/ 안 그래도
W5 AV-더라고요
- What is AV-더라고요 used for?
-더라고요 is used to express the speaker’s recollection that he or she directly saw, heard, or felt some prior event or action.
W5 AV-더라고요
Can -더라고요 be used to recall something the speaker already knew?
e.g., 제 고향은 강이 많더라고요.
No. (X).
-더라고요 can only be used to recall new information the speaker found out, not information the speaker already knew.
W5 -더라고요
- Can the subject of a sentence with -더라고요 be the speaker?
Hint: there is an exception to the answer
- No (X). Because -더라고요 refers to something the speaker directly saw or heard, the subject of the sentence cannot to be the speaker.
운동을 하더라고요 (X)
BUT - the subject can be the speaker if the verb is expressing the speakers emotions
친구를 만나니까 좋더라고요 (O)
Can -는 대로 be used with adjectives?
Yes. If the adjectives are about subjective states or preferences. (좋다, -고 싶다, 편하다)
They cannot be used with adjectives about physical state (e.g., 크다, 높다)
