Grammar Flashcards

Question

Translate: A) bonus B) malus C) magnus D) parvus E) multus F) multi

Answer 1

A) good B) bad C) big D) small E) much F) many

Answer 2

A) better B) worse C) bigger D) smaller E) more (of) F) more

Answer 3

A) best, very good B) worst, very bad C) biggest, very big D) smallest, very small E) most (of), very much (of) F) most, very many

Answer 4

conjugation: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th mixed ending sing: -a -e -e -i -e ending pl: -ate -ete -ete -ite -ite The endings are added to the usual present stem of the word.

Answer 5

A negative command is expressed by the imperative of nolo - (sg noli, pl nolite) - with the infinitive of the verb needed to be used.

Answer 6

conjugation: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th mixed ending: -are -ere -ere -ire -ere

Answer 7

conjugation: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th mixed ending: -ari -eri -i -iri -i

Answer 8

Perfect active infinitives add the ending –isse, to their perfect stems. They are translated as: To have X-ed

Answer 9

Perfect passive infinitives add a separate word – esse – to their perfect passive participle They are translated as: To have been X-ed

Answer 10

Future active infinitives add a sperate word – esse – to their future active participle. They are translated as: To be about to X

Answer 11

The deponents are a small group of verbs in Latin whose endings are always passive, but meanings are always active.

Answer 12

Semi-deponent verbs are active in form in the present, imperfect and future tenses, but become deponent in perfect and pluperfect. There are only 3 semi-deponent verbs needed for GCSE, with all of them being second declension.

Answer 13

conor, conari, conatus – try egredior, egredi, egressus sum – go out hortor, hortari, hortatus sum – encourage, urge ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum – enter regredior, regredi, regressus sum – go back progredior, progredi, progressus sum – advance miror, mirari, miratus sum – wonder at, admire morior, mori, mortuus sum – die proficisor, proficisi, profectus sum – set out sequor, sequi, secutus sum – follow viedeor, videri, visus sum – seem, appear

Answer 14

gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum – rejoice, be pleased audeo, audere, ausus sum – dare soleo, solere, solitus sum – am accustomed

Answer 15

**Singular** 1 -m 2 -s 3 -t **Plural** 1 -mus 2 -tis 3 -nt Formation: present active infinitive + ending

Answer 16

**Singular** 1 -r 2 -ris 3 -tur **Plural** 1 -mur 2 -mini 3 ntur Formation: present active infinitive + ending

Answer 17

**Singular** 1 -m 2 -s 3 -t **Plural** 1 -mus 2 -tis 3 -nt Formation: perfect active infinitive + ending

Answer 18

**Singular** 1 essem 2 esses 3 esset **Plural** 1 essemus 2 essetis 3 essent Formation: PPP + ending

Answer 19

* Purpose clauses * Indirect commands * Verbs of fearing * Result clauses * Indirect questions * Cum clauses

Answer 20

Latin does not use the infinitive like English does – so they use purpose clauses. A purpose clause expresses the aim or intention for which something was done. Formation: ut + subjunctive verb. Negative formation: ne + subjunctive verb

Answer 21

There are two versions of indirect commands: 1. iubeo + infinitive iubeo + infinitive cannot be used for a negative command. 2. Formation: verb of ordering + ut/ne + subjunctive

Answer 22

There are many verbs of ordering – it does not need to be more than a request. Examples of words of ordering: oro – I beg moneo – I advise hortor – I encourage impero (+ dat) - I order persuadeo (+ dat) - I persuaded

Answer 23

Verbs of fearing can be used with the subjunctive. Formation: verb of fearing + ne (+ non) + subjunctive A fear that something would not happen uses ne + non

Answer 24

A result clause focuses on the outcome (rather than the intention, like a purpose clause does). Formation: ut + subjunctive

Answer 25

An indirect question uses reported speech to find out specific information. An indirect question is introduced by a question word. Formation: question word + subjunctive E.g. puellam rogavi quid faceret. I asked the girl what she was doing.

Answer 26

Cum clauses are used to express a likely reason – they are translated as when ..., because..., or as ... Formation: cum + subjunctive

Answer 27

**Singular** nom ego acc me gen mei dat mihi abl me **Plural** nom nos acc nos gen nostrum dat nobis abl nobis Translated as: *I, me, we, us*

Answer 28

**Singular** nom tu acc te gen tui dat tibi abl te **Plural** nom vos acc vos gen vestrum dat vobis abl vobis Translated as: *you*

Answer 29

**Singular** nom - acc se gen sui dat sibi abl se **Plural** nom - acc se gen sui dat sibi abl se Translated as: *him/her/itself, pl themselves *

Answer 30

* m f n, in that order* **Singular** nom is ea id acc eum eam id gen eius eius eius dat ei ei ei abl eo ea eo **Plural** nom ei eae ea acc eos eas ea gen eorum earum eorum dat eis eis eis abl eis eis eis

Answer 31

*m f n, in that order* **Singular** *Translated as: my* nom meus mea meum acc meum meam meum (2-1-2 endings) **Plural** *Translated as: our* nom noster nostra nostrum acc nostrum nostram nostrum (2-1-2 endings)

Answer 32

*m f n, in that order* **Singular** *Translated as your (sing)* nom tuus tua tuum acc tuum tuam tuum (2-1-2 endings) **Plural** Translated as: your (pl) nom vester vestra vestrum acc vestrum vestram vestrum (2-1-2 endings)

Answer 33

*m f n, in that order* **Singular** nom tuus tua tuum acc tuum tuam tuum (2-1-2 endings)

Answer 34

* Translated as: his/her/its/their (belonging to someone not the subject of the sentence/clause) * Use the gen sing/pl pronoun of is, ea, id

Answer 35

***Translated as: this, these*** *m f n, in that order* **Singular** nom hic haec hoc acc hunc hanc hoc gen huius huius huius dat huic huic huic abl hoc hac hoc **Plural** nom hi hae haec acc hos has haec gen horum harum horum dat his his his abl his his his ***Translated as: that, those*** *m f n, in that order* **Singular** nom ille illa illud acc illum illam illud gen illius illius illius dat illi illi illi abl illo illa illo **Plural** nom illi illae illa acc illos illas illa gen illorum illarum illorum dat illis illis illis abl illis illis illis

Answer 36

*m f n, in that order* **Singular** nom ipse ipsa ipsum acc ipsum ipsam ipsum gen ipsius ipsius ipsius dat ipsi ipsi ipsi abl ipso ipsa ipso **Plural** nom ipsi ipsae ipsa acc ipsos ipsas ipsa gen ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum dat ipsis ipsis ipsis abl ipsis ipsis ipsis

Answer 37

*m f n, in that order* **Singular** nom idem eadem idem acc eundem eandem idem gen eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem dat eidem eidem eidem abl eodem eadem eodem **Plural** nom eidem eadem eadem acc eodem easdem eadem gen eorundem earundem eorundem dat eisdem eisdem eisdem abl eisdem eisdem eisdem

Answer 38

* The relative pronouns are translated as qui, quae, quod, meaning who, which. They resemble the endings of is, ea, id, and therefore some of the 2-1-2 endings. * They are the same as the interrogative pronoun from, and including genitive singular down. *m f n, in that order* **SIngular** nom qui quae quod acc quem quam quod gen cuius cuius cuius dat cui cui cui abl quo qua quo **Plural** pl nom qui quae quae acc quos quas quae gen quorum quarum quorum dat quibus quibus quibus abl quibus quibus quibus

Answer 39

*Translated as: who?, what?* *m f n, in that order* **Singular** sing nom quis quis quid acc quem quam quid gen cuius cuius cuius dat cui cui cui abl quo qua quo **Plural** pl nom qui quae quae acc quos quas quae gen quorum quarum quorum dat quibus quibus quibus abl quibus quibus quibus

Answer 40

*Translated as: a, a certain, pl some* *m f n, in that order* **Singular** nom quidam quaedam quoddam acc quendam quandam quoddam gen cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam dat cuidam cuidam cuidam abl quodam quadam quodam **Plural** nom quidam quaedam quaedam acc quosdam quasdam quaedam gen quorundam quarundam quorundam dat quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam abl quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam Resembles qui, quae, quod with –dam stuck on the end, with minor adjustments

Answer 41

*Translated as: quis – who?, what?* *m f n, in that order* **Singular** nom quis quis quid acc quem quem quid (other parts same as relative pronoun)

Answer 42

*Translated as: alter – one...the other (when two are used), another, a/the second* *m f n, in that order* **Singular** sing nom alter altera alterum acc alterum alteram alterum gen alterius alterius alterius dat alteri alteri alter abl altero altera altero **Plural** pl nom alteri alterae altera acc alteros alteras altera (Regular 2-1-2)

Answer 43

*Translated as: the rest, the others (pl)* *m f n, in that order* **Singular** sing nom ceteri ceterae cetera acc ceteros ceteras cetera (Regular 2-1-2, from that point onwards.

Answer 44

*Translated as: no-one* *m/f n, in that order* **Singular | Plural** nom nemo | nullius [indeclinable] acc neminem gen nullius dat nemeni abl nullo

Answer 45

* Present particples are literally translated as: **while X-ing** * They are better translated in English into a seperate clause introduced by *when* or *while*. * Present active participles use 3-3 formation * Present active participles can commonly be identified by the n/nt before the ending * Before the n/nt it uses the vowel used before the –bam – bas – bat endings in the imperfect tense.

Answer 46

* Present passive participles are literally translated as: **Having been X-ed** * They are better translated with relative clause (who/which), a time clause (when/after), or a causal clause (since/because) in English. Use context to work out translation. * They use 2-1-2 formation. * They are formed from the 4th participle part (the PPP itself)

Answer 47

* Future active participles are literally translated as: * Going to X * About to X * Intending to X * They can be better translated using a relative clause in English. * They use the stem of perfect passive participles but they use is the letters –ur between the stem and the ending. * It uses 2-1-2 formation

Answer 48

* Accusative * Ablative

Answer 49

They usually indicate motion away.

Answer 50

* ad – to, towards, at * circum – around * contra – against * in – into, onto * inter – among, between * per – through * post – after * prope – near * propter – on account of, because of * sub – under, beneath * trans – across

Answer 51

* a/ab – from, away from, by * cum – with * de – from, down from, about * e/ex - from, out of * in – in, on * pro – in front of, for, in return for * sine – without * sub – under, beneath

Answer 52

The locative case is a place described with an accusative. It suggests action inside the place.

Answer 53

A compound verb utilises a prefix to focus its meaning. Many prepositions are used as prefixes to form compound verbs. Note these prefixes in particular: * a-/ab- → away, from * ad- → to * de→ down, down from * e-/ex- → out, out of * in- → into, in * re- → back, again * trans- → across Adding a prefix may also involve a small modification of spelling: * ab + fero → aufero → I take away, carry off, steal * re + eo → redeo → I go back, come back, return * re + do → reddo → I give back

Answer 54

* The deponents are a small group of verbs in Latin whose endings are always passive, but meanings are always active. * A deponent verb has 3 principal parts: present, infinite, and perfect. * Semi-deponent verbs are active in form in the present, imperfect and future tenses, but become deponent in perfect and pluperfect. ## Footnote It is hard to distinguish deponent verbs, you have to learn them. There are only 3 semi-deponent verbs needed for GCSE, with all of them being second declension.

Answer 55

* conor, conari, conatus – try * egredior, egredi, egressus sum – go out * hortor, hortari, hortatus sum – encourage, urge * ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum – enter * regredior, regredi, regressus sum – go back * progredior, progredi, progressus sum – advance * miror, mirari, miratus sum – wonder at, admire * morior, mori, mortuus sum – die * proficisor, proficisi, profectus sum – set out * sequor, sequi, secutus sum – follow * viedeor, videri, visus sum – seem, appear

Answer 56

* gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum – rejoice, be pleased audeo, audere, ausus sum – dare * soleo, solere, solitus sum – am accustomed

Answer 57

**Present** *Singular* 1 Sum 2 Es 3 Est *Plural* 1 Sumus 2 Estis 3 Sunt **Imperfect** *Singular* 1 Eram 2 Eras 3 Erat *Plural* 1 Eramus 2 Eratis 3 Erant **Future** **Singular** 1 Ero 2 Eris 3 Erit *Plural* 1 Erimus 2 Eritis 3 Erunt **Perfect** *Singular* 1 Fui 2 Fuisti 3 Fuit *Plural* 1 Fuimus 2 Fuistis 3 Fuerunt **Pluperfect** *Singular* 1 Fueram 2 Fueras 3 Fuerat *Plural* 1 Fueramus 2 Fueratis 3 Fuerant **Infinitive** *Present:* Esse *Perfect* Fuisse *Future* Futurus Esse

Answer 58

**Present** *Singular* 1 Volo 2 Vis 3 Vult *Plural* 1 Volumus 2 Vultis 3 Volunt **Imperfect *[Like regular third declension]*** *Singular* 1 Volebam 2 Volebas 3 Volebat *Plural* 1 Volebamus 2 Volebatis 3 Volebant **Future *[Like regular third declension]*** *Singular* 1 Volam 2 Voles 3 Volet *Plural* 1 Volemus 2 Voletis 3 Volent **Perfect *[Like regular second declension]*** *Singular* 1 Volui 2 Voluisti 3 Voluit *Plural* 1 Voluimus 2 Voluistis 3 Voluerunt (Voluere) **Pluperfect *[Like regular second declension]*** *Singular* 1 Volueram 2 Volueras 3 Voluerat *Plural* 1 Volueramus 2 Volueratis 3 Voluerant

Answer 59

**Present** *Singular* 1 Nolo 2 Non Vis 3 Non Vult *Plural* 1 Nolumus 2 Non Vultis 3 Nolunt **Imperfect *[Like regular third declension]*** *Singular* 1 Nolebam 2 Nolebas 3 Nolebat *Plural* 1 Nolebamus 2 Nolebatis 3 Nolebant **Future *[Like regular third declension]*** *Singular* 1 Nolam 2 Noles 3 Nolet *Plural* 1 Nolemus 2 Noletis 3 Nolent **Perfect *[Like regular second declension]*** *Singular* 1 Nolui 2 Noluisti 3 Noluit *Plural* 1 Noluimus 2 Noluistis 3 Noluerunt **Pluperfect *[Like regular second declension]*** *Singular* 1 Nolueram 2 Nolueras 3 Noluerat *Plural* 1 Nolueramus 2 Nolueratis 3 Noluerant

Answer 60

**Present** *Singular* 1 Malo 2 Mavis 3 Mavult *Plural* 1 Malumus 2 Mavultis 3 Malunt **Imperfect *[Like regular third declension]*** *Singular* 1 Malebam 2 Malebas 3 Malebat *Plural* 1 Malebamus 2 Malebatis 3 Malebant **Future *[Like regular third declension]*** *Singular* 1 Malam 2 Males 3 Malet *Plural* 1 Malemus 2 Maletis 3 Malent **Perfect *[Like regular second declension]*** *Singular* 1 Malui 2 Maluisti 3 Maluit *Plural* 1 Maluimus 2 Maluistis 3 Maluerunt **Pluperfect *[Like regular second declension]*** *Singular* 1 Malueram 2 Malueras 3 Maluerat *Plural* 1 Malueramus 2 Malueratis 3 Maluerant

Answer 61

**Present** *Singular* 1 Fero 2 Fers 3 Fert *Plural* 1 Ferimus 2 Fertis 3 Ferunt **Imperfect** *Singular* 1 Ferebam 2 Ferebas 3 Ferebat *Plural* 1 Ferebamus 2 Ferebatis 3 Ferebant **Future** *Singular* 1 Feram 2 Feres 3 Feret *Plural* 1 Feremus 2 Feretis 3 Ferent **Perfect** *Singular* 1 Tuli 2 Tulisti 3 Tulit *Plural* 1 Tulimus 2 Tulistis 3 Tulerunt **Pluperfect** *Singular* 1 Tuleram 2 Tuleras 3 Tulerat *Plural* 1 Tuleramus 2 Tuleratis 3 Tulerant

Answer 62

**Singular** *Present* 1 Feror 2 Ferris 3 Fertur *Plural* 1 Ferimur 2 Ferimini 3 Feruntur **Imperfect** 1 Ferebar 2 Ferebaris 3 Ferebatur *Plural* 1 Ferebamur 2 Ferebamini 3 Ferebantur **Future** *Singular* 1 Ferar 2 Fereris 3 Feretur **Plural** 1 Feremur 2 Feremini 3 Ferentur **Perfect** *Singular* 1 Latus Sum 2 Latus Es 3 Latus Est *Plural* 1 Lati Sumus 2 Lati Estis 3 Lati Sunt **Pluperfect** *Singular* 1 Latus Eram 2 Latus Eras 3 Latus Erat *Plural* 1 Lati Eramus 2 Lati Eratis 3 Lati Erant

Answer 63

The principle parts are: fero, ferre, tuli, latus

Answer 64

aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatus – I take away, I steal (au = ab, away) offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatus – I offer (ob = for) refero, referre, rettuli, relatus – I bring back, I report (re = back)

Answer 65

1, 2, 3, 4, mixed, in that order: *sg* -a! -e! -e! -i! -e! *pl* -ate! -ete! -ite! -ite! -ite!

Answer 66

say!, speak!, tell!, lead!, carry!, make!, do!, in that order: dico!, duco!, fero!, facio!, in that order (The Latin of the previous statement. *sg* dic! duc! fer! fac! *pl* dicite! ducite! ferte! facite!

Answer 67

1st 2nd 3rd 4th mixed -are -ere -ere -ire -ere They are translated as: To X

Answer 68

Present passive infinitives have the endings, on their present stems 1st 2nd 3rd 4th mixed -ari -eri -i -iri -i They are translated as: To be X

Answer 69

Perfect active infinitives add the ending –isse, to their perfect stems. They are translated as: To have X-ed

Answer 70

Perfect passive infinitives add a separate word – esse – to their perfect passive participle They are translated as: To have been X-ed

Answer 71

Future active infinitives add a sperate word – esse – to their future active participle. They are translated as: To be about to X

Answer 72

Direct commands use the imperative, often together with a vocative. E.g. festina, serve! Hurry, slave! A negative direct command uses noli – pl nolite – with the infinitive. E.g. noli audire! Do not listen!

Answer 73

An ablative absolute is a phrase made up from a noun and participle, in the ablative case, gramatically unconnected with the rest of the sentence. It can be translated as: * As... * Because... * When... E.g. urbe capta, cives perterriti erant. As the city was captured, the citizens were terrified.

Answer 74

The relative pronoun agress with its antecedent – the noun it refers to – in number and gender, but takes the case from the job it does in its own clause. E.g. servus quem heri vidi iterum adest. The slave whom I saw yesterday is here again.

Answer 75

A clause indicating when something happened is introduced by ubi, or postquam, and followed by a perfect indicative. E.g. ubi Romam adveni, amicos salutavi. When I arrived in Rome, I greeted the friends. A time clause referring to the future uses ubi with a future tense translated as present. ubi Romam adveniam, laetus ero. When I arrive in Rome, I will be happy. dum + present indicative is translated as *while* clause in the imperfect tense. E.g. dum in foro manemus, senator occisus est. While we were waiting in the forum, the senator was killed.

Answer 76

A clause indicating a factual reason is introduced by *quod* and has an indicative verb. E.g. dum in foro manemus, senator occisus est While we were waiting in the forum, the senator was killed.

Answer 77

A *cum* clause with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive (translated just like the equivalent indicative tense) expresses a likely reason. E.g. puella, cum praemium accepisset, laetissima erat. Since the girl had received the prize, she was very happy. *dum* with the imperfect subjunctive (translatled *until*) has a suggestion of purpose. E.g. militem ad portam manere iussi dum nuntius ridiret. I ordered the soldier to remain at the gate until the messenger returned.

Answer 78

A concessive clause (giving a reason why what happens might have been expected not to) uses *quamquam* (although) with an indicative verb. E.g. quamquam, crudelis est, dominus a servis amatur Although he is cruel, the master is loved by his slaves.

Answer 79

Translated as: if X, then Y. If in latin is si. Negative version of if – if not, or unless is nisi. E.g. si multos amicos haves, felix es. If you have lots of friends, you are fortunate.

Answer 80

It is used to express a reported statement. The introductory verb can not only be one of speaking, but also one of hearing learning, knowing, and thinking. Formation: introductory verb + accusative + infinitive If the introductory verb is past, the English shifts back a tense in translating the infinitve: E.g. nuntius dico hostes appropinquare. The messenger is saying that the enemy is approaching. puella putavit se clamorem audivisse. The girl thought that she was hearing a shout. (Shift = present → imperfect, as the introductory verb was past for the second statement.)