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130013 > Grammar > Flashcards

Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

How is are first declension nouns conjugated?

A

Singular
nom -a

acc -am

gen -ae

dat -ae

abl -a

Plural

nom -ae

acc -as

gen -arum

dat -is

abl -is

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2
Q

How are regular second declension nouns conjugated?

A

Singular
nom -us (usually)

acc -um

gen -i

dat -o

abl -o

Plural
nom -i

acc -os

gen -orum

dat -is

abl -is

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3
Q

How are neuter second declension nouns conjugated?

A

Singular
nom -um

acc -um

gen -i

dat -o

abl -o

Plural
nom -a

acc -a

gen -orum

dat -is

abl -is

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4
Q

How are (m/f) third declension nouns conjugated?

A

Singular
nom -

acc -em

gen -is

dat -i

abl -e

Plural
nom -es

acc -es

gen -um (or) -ium

dat -ibus

abl -ibus

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5
Q

How are neuter third declension nouns conjugated?

A

Singular
nom -

acc -(same as nom)

gen -is

dat -i

abl -e

Plural
nom -a

acc -a

gen -um (or) -ium

dat -ibus

abl -ibus

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6
Q

How is the vocative singular of each noun declension formed?

A

Vocative singular of each declension apart from the second is the same as its nominative singular. For second declension, the ending -e is used.

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7
Q

How is the present active tense conjugated?

A

Singular
1 -o

2 -s

3 -t

Plural
1 -mus

2 -tis

3 -nt

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8
Q

How is the imperfect active tense conjugated?

A

Singular
1 -bam

2 -bas

3 -bat

Plural
1 -bamus

2 -batis

3 -bant

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9
Q

How is the future active tense conjugated?

A

For 1st, 2nd:
Singular
1 -bo

2 -bis

3 -bit

Plural
1 -bimus

2 -bitis

3 -bunt

For 3rd, 4th:
Singular
1 -am
2 -es
3 -et
Plural
1 -emus
2 -etis
3 -ent

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10
Q

How is the perfect active tense conjugated?

A

Singular
1 -i

2 -isti

3 -it

Plural
1 -imus

2 -istis

3 -erunt

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11
Q

How is the pluperfect active tense conjugated?

A

Singular
1 -eram

2 -eras

3 -erat

Plural
1 -eramus

2 -eratis

3 -erant

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12
Q

How is the present passive tense conjugated and translated?

A

Singular
1 -or

2 -ris

3 -tur

Plural
1 -mur

2 -mini

3 -ntur

Translate: am being X-ed

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13
Q

How is the imperfect passive tense conjugated and translated?

A

Singular
1 -bar

2 -baris

3 -batur

Plural
1 -bamur

2 -bamini

3 -bantur

Translate : was being X-ed

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14
Q

How is the future passive tense conjugated and translated?

A

Singular
1 -bor

2 -beris

3 -bitur

Plural
1 -bimur

2 -bimini

3 -buntur

Translate: will be X-ed

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15
Q

How is the perfect passive tense conjugated and translated?

A

Singular
1 Y sum

2 Y es

3 Y est

Plural
1 Y sumus

2 Y estis

3 Y sunt

Here, Y refers to the PPP of the verb. The participle is always nominative, but changes its ending according to the number and gender of the subject
e.g. the participle can be portatae (fem, pl), or portatum (masc, sing)

Translate (literal): was/having been X-ed.

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16
Q

How is the pluperfect passive tense conjugated and translated?

A

Singular
1 Y eram

2 Y eras

3 Y erat

Plural
1 Y eramus

2 Y eratis

3 Y erant

Here, Y refers to the PPP of the verb. The participle is always nominative, but changes its ending according to the number and gender of the subject

e.g. the participle can be portatae (fem, pl), or portatum (masc, sing)

Translate (literal): had been X-ed.

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17
Q

What are the two types of adjectives?

A
  • Some adjectives use the 2-1-2 formation (goes like puella, dominus, and bellum), such as miser, and laetus.
  • Others use the 3-3 formation (goes like rex, navis, and nomen), such as fortis, and ingens, but –i replaces -e in abl sing.
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18
Q

How are 2-1-2 adverbs formed?

A

2-1-2 adjectives are formed by adding -e to their stem

E.g. laetus → laete

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19
Q

How are 3-3 adverbs formed?

A

Some 3-3 adjectives form adverbs by adding -iter to their stem

E.g. fortis → fortiter

Other 3-3 adjectives with the ending -is add -e to their stem.
E.g. facilis → facile

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20
Q

What is the formation and stem of comparative adjectives?

A
  • They all follow the 3-3 formation.
  • The syllable -ior is added to the gen sing stem of the adjective.
  • The neuter form of the comparative adjective does not use the syllable -ior; pay close attention to realising a neuter adjective could be a comparative.
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21
Q

What are the two ways of expressing a comparative?

A
  • A comparative (adjective) is very often followed by quam (=than). The two people or things being compared are in the same case.
  • A simple comparison (where the items compared would be nominative or accuasative) can be alternatively be expressed by missing out quam and putting in the second noun in the abl (abl of comparison):

e.g: dominus stultior est servo. (The master is more stupid than the slave)

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22
Q

What is the formation and stem of superlative adjectives?

A

They syllables –issim are added to the gen sing stem

The adjective is 2-1-2 in formation.

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23
Q

How is the comparative of an adverb formed?

A

The comparative of an adverb formed is fromed from an adjective - the neuter sing of the comparative adjective in nom/acc with the ending –ius.

E.g. laetius → more happily

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24
Q

How is a superlative adjective formed?

A

Because a superlative adjective is 2-1-2 in declension, the superlative adverb is formed the same way of a normal 2-1-2 adjective (remove –us from the masculine nom sing and add –e).

E.g. laetissme → very happily, most happily

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25
Q

Translate:

A) bonus
B) malus
C) magnus
D) parvus
E) multus
F) multi

A

A) good
B) bad
C) big
D) small
E) much
F) many

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26
Q

Translate:

A) melior
B) peior
C) maior
D) minor
E) plus
F) plures

A

A) better
B) worse
C) bigger
D) smaller
E) more (of)
F) more

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27
Q

Translate:

A) optimus
B) pessimus
C) maximus
D) minimus
E) plurimus
F) plurimi

A

A) best, very good
B) worst, very bad
C) biggest, very big
D) smallest, very small
E) most (of), very much (of)
F) most, very many

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28
Q

How are the imperative endings conjugated?

A

conjugation: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th mixed

ending sing: -a -e -e -i -e

ending pl: -ate -ete -ete -ite -ite

The endings are added to the usual present stem of the word.

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29
Q

What is the function of the imperative of nolo?

A

A negative command is expressed by the imperative of nolo - (sg noli, pl nolite) - with the infinitive of the verb needed to be used.

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30
Q

How are the present active infinitive endings conjugated?

A

conjugation: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th mixed

ending: -are -ere -ere -ire -ere

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31
Q

How are the present passive infinitive endings conjugated?

A

conjugation: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th mixed

ending: -ari -eri -i -iri -i

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32
Q

How are perfect active infinitives conjugated and translated?

A

Perfect active infinitives add the ending –isse, to their perfect stems.

They are translated as:
To have X-ed

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33
Q

How are the perfect passive infinitives conjugated and translated?

A

Perfect passive infinitives add a separate word – esse – to their perfect passive participle

They are translated as:
To have been X-ed

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34
Q

How are the future active infinitives conjugated and translated?

A

Future active infinitives add a sperate word – esse – to their future active participle.

They are translated as:
To be about to X

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35
Q

How are (non-semi) deponent verbs translated?

A

The deponents are a small group of verbs in Latin whose endings are always passive, but meanings are always active.

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36
Q

How are semi-deponent verbs translated?

A

Semi-deponent verbs are active in form in the present, imperfect and future tenses, but become deponent in perfect and pluperfect.

There are only 3 semi-deponent verbs needed for GCSE, with all of them being second declension.

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37
Q

Name all (non-semi) deponent verbs and translate them.

A

conor, conari, conatus – try

egredior, egredi, egressus sum – go out

hortor, hortari, hortatus sum – encourage, urge

ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum – enter

regredior, regredi, regressus sum – go back

progredior, progredi, progressus sum – advance

miror, mirari, miratus sum – wonder at, admire

morior, mori, mortuus sum – die

proficisor, proficisi, profectus sum – set out

sequor, sequi, secutus sum – follow

viedeor, videri, visus sum – seem, appear

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38
Q

Name all semi-deponent verbs and translate them.

A

gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum – rejoice, be pleased

audeo, audere, ausus sum – dare

soleo, solere, solitus sum – am accustomed

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39
Q

How is the imperfect active subjunctive conjugated and formed?

A

Singular
1 -m

2 -s

3 -t

Plural
1 -mus

2 -tis

3 -nt

Formation: present active infinitive + ending

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40
Q

How is the imperfect passive subjunctive formed and conjugated?

A

Singular
1 -r

2 -ris

3 -tur

Plural
1 -mur

2 -mini

3 ntur

Formation: present active infinitive + ending

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41
Q

How is the pluperfect active subjunctive formed and conjugated?

A

Singular
1 -m

2 -s

3 -t

Plural
1 -mus

2 -tis

3 -nt

Formation: perfect active infinitive + ending

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42
Q

How is the pluperfect passive subjunctive formed and conjugated?

A

Singular
1 essem

2 esses

3 esset

Plural
1 essemus

2 essetis

3 essent

Formation: PPP + ending

43
Q

What are the 5 uses of the subjunctive?

A
  • Purpose clauses
  • Indirect commands
  • Verbs of fearing
  • Result clauses
  • Indirect questions
  • Cum clauses
44
Q

What is a purpose clause?

A

Latin does not use the infinitive like English does – so they use purpose clauses.

A purpose clause expresses the aim or intention for which something was done.

Formation: ut + subjunctive verb.
Negative formation: ne + subjunctive verb

45
Q

What is an indirect command?

A

There are two versions of indirect commands:

  1. iubeo + infinitive
    iubeo + infinitive cannot be used for a negative command.
  2. Formation: verb of ordering + ut/ne + subjunctive
46
Q

In indirect commands, what are the words of ordering?

A

There are many verbs of ordering – it does not need to be more than a request.

Examples of words of ordering:

oro – I beg

moneo – I advise

hortor – I encourage

impero (+ dat) - I order

persuadeo (+ dat) - I persuaded

47
Q

How can verbs of fearing be used with the subjunctive?

A

Verbs of fearing can be used with the subjunctive.

Formation: verb of fearing + ne (+ non) + subjunctive

A fear that something would not happen uses ne + non

48
Q

What is a result clause?

A

A result clause focuses on the outcome (rather than the intention, like a purpose clause does).

Formation: ut + subjunctive

49
Q

What is an indirect question?

A

An indirect question uses reported speech to find out specific information.

An indirect question is introduced by a question word.
Formation: question word + subjunctive

E.g. puellam rogavi quid faceret.

I asked the girl what she was doing.

50
Q

What is a cum clause?

A

Cum clauses are used to express a likely reason – they are translated as when …, because…, or as …

Formation: cum + subjunctive

51
Q

How is the first person personal pronoun conjugated and translated?

A

Singular
nom ego

acc me

gen mei

dat mihi

abl me

Plural
nom nos

acc nos

gen nostrum

dat nobis

abl nobis

Translated as: I, me, we, us

52
Q

How is the second person personal pronoun conjugated and translated?

A

Singular
nom tu

acc te

gen tui

dat tibi

abl te

Plural
nom vos

acc vos

gen vestrum

dat vobis

abl vobis

Translated as: you

53
Q

How is the thir person reflexive personal pronoun conjugated and translated?

A

Singular
nom -

acc se

gen sui

dat sibi

abl se

Plural
nom -

acc se

gen sui

dat sibi

abl se
Translated as: *him/her/itself, pl themselves *

54
Q

How is the third person (non-reflexive) personal pronoun conjugated and translated?

A
  • m f n, in that order*

Singular
nom is ea id

acc eum eam id

gen eius eius eius

dat ei ei ei

abl eo ea eo

Plural
nom ei eae ea

acc eos eas ea

gen eorum earum eorum

dat eis eis eis

abl eis eis eis

55
Q

How are first person possessive pronouns conjugated and translated?

A

m f n, in that order

Singular
Translated as: my
nom meus mea meum

acc meum meam meum

(2-1-2 endings)

Plural
Translated as: our
nom noster nostra nostrum

acc nostrum nostram nostrum

(2-1-2 endings)

56
Q

How are second person possessive pronouns conjugated?

A

m f n, in that order
Singular
Translated as your (sing)
nom tuus tua tuum

acc tuum tuam tuum

(2-1-2 endings)

Plural
Translated as: your (pl)
nom vester vestra vestrum

acc vestrum vestram vestrum

(2-1-2 endings)

57
Q

How are third person reflexive possessive pronouns conjugated and translated?

A

m f n, in that order
Singular
nom tuus tua tuum

acc tuum tuam tuum

(2-1-2 endings)

58
Q

How are third person (non-reflexive) possessive pronouns conjugated and translated?

A
  • Translated as: his/her/its/their (belonging to someone not the subject of the sentence/clause)
  • Use the gen sing/pl pronoun of is, ea, id
59
Q

How are the demonstrative pronouns conjugated and translated?

A

Translated as: this, these

m f n, in that order
Singular
nom hic haec hoc

acc hunc hanc hoc

gen huius huius huius

dat huic huic huic

abl hoc hac hoc

Plural

nom hi hae haec

acc hos has haec

gen horum harum horum

dat his his his

abl his his his

Translated as: that, those

m f n, in that order
Singular
nom ille illa illud

acc illum illam illud

gen illius illius illius

dat illi illi illi

abl illo illa illo

Plural
nom illi illae illa

acc illos illas illa

gen illorum illarum illorum

dat illis illis illis

abl illis illis illis

60
Q

How is ipse (self) conjugated?

A

m f n, in that order
Singular
nom ipse ipsa ipsum

acc ipsum ipsam ipsum

gen ipsius ipsius ipsius

dat ipsi ipsi ipsi

abl ipso ipsa ipso

Plural
nom ipsi ipsae ipsa

acc ipsos ipsas ipsa

gen ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum

dat ipsis ipsis ipsis

abl ipsis ipsis ipsis

61
Q

How is idem (same) conjugated?

A

m f n, in that order
Singular
nom idem eadem idem

acc eundem eandem idem

gen eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem

dat eidem eidem eidem

abl eodem eadem eodem

Plural
nom eidem eadem eadem

acc eodem easdem eadem

gen eorundem earundem eorundem

dat eisdem eisdem eisdem

abl eisdem eisdem eisdem

62
Q

How is the relative pronoun conjugated and translated?

A
  • The relative pronouns are translated as qui, quae, quod, meaning who, which. They resemble the endings of is, ea, id, and therefore some of the 2-1-2 endings.
  • They are the same as the interrogative pronoun from, and including genitive singular down.

m f n, in that order
SIngular
nom qui quae quod

acc quem quam quod

gen cuius cuius cuius

dat cui cui cui

abl quo qua quo

Plural
pl nom qui quae quae

acc quos quas quae

gen quorum quarum quorum

dat quibus quibus quibus

abl quibus quibus quibus

63
Q

How is the interrogative pronoun translated and conjugated?

A

Translated as: who?, what?

m f n, in that order
Singular
sing nom quis quis quid

acc quem quam quid

gen cuius cuius cuius

dat cui cui cui

abl quo qua quo

Plural
pl nom qui quae quae

acc quos quas quae

gen quorum quarum quorum

dat quibus quibus quibus

abl quibus quibus quibus

64
Q

How is quidam conjugated and translated?

A

Translated as: a, a certain, pl some

m f n, in that order
Singular
nom quidam quaedam quoddam

acc quendam quandam quoddam

gen cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam

dat cuidam cuidam cuidam

abl quodam quadam quodam

Plural
nom quidam quaedam quaedam

acc quosdam quasdam quaedam

gen quorundam quarundam quorundam

dat quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam

abl quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam

Resembles qui, quae, quod with –dam stuck on the end, with minor adjustments

65
Q

How is quis conjugated and translated?

A

Translated as: quis – who?, what?

m f n, in that order
Singular
nom quis quis quid

acc quem quem quid

(other parts same as relative pronoun)

66
Q

How is alter conjugated and translated.

A

Translated as: alter – one…the other (when two are used), another, a/the second

m f n, in that order
Singular
sing nom alter altera alterum

acc alterum alteram alterum

gen alterius alterius alterius

dat alteri alteri alter

abl altero altera altero

Plural
pl nom alteri alterae altera

acc alteros alteras altera

(Regular 2-1-2)

67
Q

How is ceteri conjugated and translated.

A

Translated as: the rest, the others (pl)

m f n, in that order
Singular
sing nom ceteri ceterae cetera

acc ceteros ceteras cetera

(Regular 2-1-2, from that point onwards.

68
Q

How is nemo conjugated and translated?

A

Translated as: no-one
m/f n, in that order

Singular | Plural
nom nemo | nullius [indeclinable]

acc neminem

gen nullius

dat nemeni

abl nullo

69
Q

How are present active participles formed and translated?

A
  • Present particples are literally translated as: while X-ing
    • They are better translated in English into a seperate clause introduced by when or while.
  • Present active participles use 3-3 formation
  • Present active participles can commonly be identified by the n/nt before the ending
  • Before the n/nt it uses the vowel used before the –bam – bas – bat endings in the imperfect tense.
70
Q

How are perfect passive participles translated and formed?

A
  • Present passive participles are literally translated as: Having been X-ed
    • They are better translated with relative clause (who/which), a time clause (when/after), or a causal clause (since/because) in English. Use context to work out translation.
  • They use 2-1-2 formation.
  • They are formed from the 4th participle part (the PPP itself)
71
Q

How are future active participles translated and formed?

A
  • Future active participles are literally translated as:
    • Going to X
    • About to X
    • Intending to X
  • They can be better translated using a relative clause in English.
  • They use the stem of perfect passive participles but they use is the letters –ur between the stem and the ending.
  • It uses 2-1-2 formation
72
Q

What two cases are prepositions followed by?

A
  • Accusative
  • Ablative
73
Q

What do places/prepositions using/followed by the ablative case indicate?

A

They usually indicate motion away.

74
Q

Name all the prepositions that use the accusative case.

A
  • ad – to, towards, at
  • circum – around
  • contra – against
  • in – into, onto
  • inter – among, between
  • per – through
  • post – after
  • prope – near
  • propter – on account of, because of
  • sub – under, beneath
  • trans – across
75
Q

Name all the prepositions that use the ablative case.

A
  • a/ab – from, away from, by
  • cum – with
  • de – from, down from, about
  • e/ex - from, out of
  • in – in, on
  • pro – in front of, for, in return for
  • sine – without
  • sub – under, beneath
76
Q

What is the locative case?

A

The locative case is a place described with an accusative. It suggests action inside the place.

77
Q

What are prefixes?

Mention:
* Where they are used.
* High-frequency prefixes.
* Irregularities.

A

A compound verb utilises a prefix to focus its meaning. Many prepositions are used as prefixes to form compound verbs.

Note these prefixes in particular:

  • a-/ab- → away, from
  • ad- → to
  • de→ down, down from
  • e-/ex- → out, out of
  • in- → into, in
  • re- → back, again
  • trans- → across

Adding a prefix may also involve a small modification of spelling:

  • ab + fero → aufero → I take away, carry off, steal
  • re + eo → redeo → I go back, come back, return
  • re + do → reddo → I give back
78
Q

What are deponent verbs?

Mention:
* General information
* Principal parts
* Semi-deponent verbs

A
  • The deponents are a small group of verbs in Latin whose endings are always passive, but meanings are always active.
  • A deponent verb has 3 principal parts: present, infinite, and perfect.
  • Semi-deponent verbs are active in form in the present, imperfect and future tenses, but become deponent in perfect and pluperfect.

It is hard to distinguish deponent verbs, you have to learn them.

There are only 3 semi-deponent verbs needed for GCSE, with all of them being second declension.

79
Q

List all deponent verbs and translated them.

Do not mention semi-deponent verbs.

A
  • conor, conari, conatus – try
  • egredior, egredi, egressus sum – go out
  • hortor, hortari, hortatus sum – encourage, urge
  • ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum – enter
  • regredior, regredi, regressus sum – go back
  • progredior, progredi, progressus sum – advance
  • miror, mirari, miratus sum – wonder at, admire
  • morior, mori, mortuus sum – die
  • proficisor, proficisi, profectus sum – set out
  • sequor, sequi, secutus sum – follow
  • viedeor, videri, visus sum – seem, appear
80
Q

List all semi-deponent verbs and translate them.

Do not mention deponent verbs.

A
  • gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum – rejoice, be pleased

audeo, audere, ausus sum – dare

  • soleo, solere, solitus sum – am accustomed
81
Q

Conjugate:

esse

A

Present
Singular
1 Sum
2 Es
3 Est
Plural
1 Sumus
2 Estis
3 Sunt

Imperfect
Singular
1 Eram
2 Eras
3 Erat
Plural
1 Eramus
2 Eratis
3 Erant

Future
Singular
1 Ero
2 Eris
3 Erit
Plural
1 Erimus
2 Eritis
3 Erunt

Perfect
Singular
1 Fui
2 Fuisti
3 Fuit
Plural
1 Fuimus
2 Fuistis
3 Fuerunt

Pluperfect
Singular
1 Fueram
2 Fueras
3 Fuerat
Plural
1 Fueramus
2 Fueratis
3 Fuerant

Infinitive

Present:

Esse

Perfect

Fuisse

Future

Futurus Esse

82
Q

Conjugate:

velle

A

Present
Singular
1 Volo

2 Vis

3 Vult
Plural
1 Volumus

2 Vultis

3 Volunt

Imperfect [Like regular third declension]
Singular
1 Volebam

2 Volebas

3 Volebat

Plural
1 Volebamus

2 Volebatis

3 Volebant

Future [Like regular third declension]
Singular
1 Volam

2 Voles

3 Volet

Plural
1 Volemus

2 Voletis

3 Volent

Perfect [Like regular second declension]
Singular
1 Volui

2 Voluisti

3 Voluit

Plural
1 Voluimus

2 Voluistis

3 Voluerunt (Voluere)

Pluperfect [Like regular second declension]
Singular
1 Volueram

2 Volueras

3 Voluerat
Plural
1 Volueramus

2 Volueratis

3 Voluerant

83
Q

Conjugate:

nolle

A

Present
Singular
1 Nolo

2 Non Vis

3 Non Vult
Plural
1 Nolumus

2 Non Vultis

3 Nolunt

Imperfect [Like regular third declension]
Singular
1 Nolebam

2 Nolebas

3 Nolebat
Plural
1 Nolebamus

2 Nolebatis

3 Nolebant

Future [Like regular third declension]
Singular
1 Nolam

2 Noles

3 Nolet
Plural
1 Nolemus

2 Noletis

3 Nolent

Perfect [Like regular second declension]
Singular
1 Nolui

2 Noluisti

3 Noluit
Plural
1 Noluimus

2 Noluistis

3 Noluerunt

Pluperfect [Like regular second declension]
Singular
1 Nolueram

2 Nolueras

3 Noluerat
Plural
1 Nolueramus

2 Nolueratis

3 Noluerant

84
Q

Conjugate:

malle

A

Present
Singular
1 Malo

2 Mavis

3 Mavult
Plural
1 Malumus

2 Mavultis

3 Malunt

Imperfect [Like regular third declension]
Singular
1 Malebam

2 Malebas

3 Malebat
Plural
1 Malebamus

2 Malebatis

3 Malebant

Future [Like regular third declension]
Singular
1 Malam

2 Males

3 Malet
Plural
1 Malemus

2 Maletis

3 Malent

Perfect [Like regular second declension]
Singular
1 Malui

2 Maluisti

3 Maluit
Plural
1 Maluimus

2 Maluistis

3 Maluerunt

Pluperfect [Like regular second declension]
Singular
1 Malueram

2 Malueras

3 Maluerat
Plural
1 Malueramus

2 Malueratis

3 Maluerant

85
Q

Conjugate

the active voice of ferre

A

Present
Singular
1 Fero

2 Fers

3 Fert
Plural
1 Ferimus

2 Fertis

3 Ferunt

Imperfect
Singular
1 Ferebam

2 Ferebas

3 Ferebat
Plural
1 Ferebamus

2 Ferebatis

3 Ferebant

Future
Singular
1 Feram

2 Feres

3 Feret
Plural
1 Feremus

2 Feretis

3 Ferent

Perfect
Singular
1 Tuli

2 Tulisti

3 Tulit
Plural
1 Tulimus

2 Tulistis

3 Tulerunt

Pluperfect
Singular
1 Tuleram

2 Tuleras

3 Tulerat
Plural
1 Tuleramus

2 Tuleratis

3 Tulerant

86
Q

Conjugate:

the passive voice of ferre

A

Singular
Present
1 Feror

2 Ferris

3 Fertur
Plural
1 Ferimur

2 Ferimini

3 Feruntur

Imperfect

1 Ferebar

2 Ferebaris

3 Ferebatur
Plural
1 Ferebamur

2 Ferebamini

3 Ferebantur

Future
Singular
1 Ferar

2 Fereris

3 Feretur
Plural
1 Feremur

2 Feremini

3 Ferentur

Perfect
Singular
1 Latus Sum

2 Latus Es

3 Latus Est
Plural
1 Lati Sumus

2 Lati Estis

3 Lati Sunt

Pluperfect
Singular
1 Latus Eram

2 Latus Eras

3 Latus Erat
Plural
1 Lati Eramus

2 Lati Eratis

3 Lati Erant

87
Q

State the principle parts of ferre.

A

The principle parts are: fero, ferre, tuli, latus

88
Q

State all the compound verbs that come from ferre with their principle parts.

A

aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatus – I take away, I steal (au = ab, away)

offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatus – I offer (ob = for)

refero, referre, rettuli, relatus – I bring back, I report (re = back)

89
Q

State the endings of regular imperatives.

A

1, 2, 3, 4, mixed, in that order:
sg -a! -e! -e! -i! -e!

pl -ate! -ete! -ite! -ite! -ite!

90
Q

Give all irregular imperatives.

A

say!, speak!, tell!, lead!, carry!, make!, do!, in that order:

dico!, duco!, fero!, facio!, in that order (The Latin of the previous statement.

sg dic! duc! fer! fac!

pl dicite! ducite! ferte! facite!

91
Q

What are the endings of present active infinitives and how do you translate them?

A

1st 2nd 3rd 4th mixed

-are -ere -ere -ire -ere

They are translated as:

To X

92
Q

What are the endings of present passive infinitives and how do you translate them?

A

Present passive infinitives have the endings, on their present stems

1st 2nd 3rd 4th mixed

-ari -eri -i -iri -i

They are translated as:

To be X

93
Q

How are perfect active infinitives formed and translated?

A

Perfect active infinitives add the ending –isse, to their perfect stems.

They are translated as:

To have X-ed

94
Q

How are perfect passive infinitives formed and translated?

A

Perfect passive infinitives add a separate word – esse – to their perfect passive participle

They are translated as:

To have been X-ed

95
Q

How are future active infinitives formed and translated?

A

Future active infinitives add a sperate word – esse – to their future active participle.

They are translated as:

To be about to X

96
Q

What are negative commands?

A

Direct commands use the imperative, often together with a vocative.

E.g. festina, serve!

Hurry, slave!

A negative direct command uses noli – pl nolite – with the infinitive.

E.g. noli audire!

Do not listen!

97
Q

What is an ablative absolute?

A

An ablative absolute is a phrase made up from a noun and participle, in the ablative case, gramatically unconnected with the rest of the sentence.

It can be translated as:

  • As…
  • Because…
  • When…

E.g. urbe capta, cives perterriti erant.

As the city was captured, the citizens were terrified.

98
Q

How are relative clauses formed?

A

The relative pronoun agress with its antecedent – the noun it refers to – in number and gender, but takes the case from the job it does in its own clause.

E.g. servus quem heri vidi iterum adest.

The slave whom I saw yesterday is here again.

99
Q

How are time clauses formed?

Refer to future and past

A

A clause indicating when something happened is introduced by ubi, or postquam, and followed by a perfect indicative.

E.g. ubi Romam adveni, amicos salutavi.

When I arrived in Rome, I greeted the friends.

A time clause referring to the future uses ubi with a future tense translated as present.

ubi Romam adveniam, laetus ero.

When I arrive in Rome, I will be happy.

dum + present indicative is translated as while clause in the imperfect tense.

E.g. dum in foro manemus, senator occisus est.

While we were waiting in the forum, the senator was killed.

100
Q

How is a clause indicating a factual reason introduced?

A

A clause indicating a factual reason is introduced by quod and has an indicative verb.

E.g. dum in foro manemus, senator occisus est
While we were waiting in the forum, the senator was killed.

101
Q

How are causal clauses formed?

A

A cum clause with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive (translated just like the equivalent indicative tense) expresses a likely reason.

E.g. puella, cum praemium accepisset, laetissima erat.
Since the girl had received the prize, she was very happy.

dum with the imperfect subjunctive (translatled until) has a suggestion of purpose.

E.g. militem ad portam manere iussi dum nuntius ridiret.
I ordered the soldier to remain at the gate until the messenger returned.

102
Q

How are concessive clauses formed?

A

A concessive clause (giving a reason why what happens might have been expected not to) uses quamquam (although) with an indicative verb.

E.g. quamquam, crudelis est, dominus a servis amatur
Although he is cruel, the master is loved by his slaves.

103
Q

How are conditional statements formed and translated?

A

Translated as: if X, then Y.

If in latin is si.

Negative version of if – if not, or unless is nisi.

E.g. si multos amicos haves, felix es.
If you have lots of friends, you are fortunate.

104
Q

What is the indirect statement?

A

It is used to express a reported statement.

The introductory verb can not only be one of speaking, but also one of hearing learning, knowing, and thinking.

Formation: introductory verb + accusative + infinitive

If the introductory verb is past, the English shifts back a tense in translating the infinitve:

E.g. nuntius dico hostes appropinquare.

The messenger is saying that the enemy is approaching.

puella putavit se clamorem audivisse.

The girl thought that she was hearing a shout.

(Shift = present → imperfect, as the introductory verb was past for the second statement.)

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