GRAMMAR 1 Flashcards
ORDENE EN PRESENTE PERFECTO
consider / you / ever / going back to school / ?
Have you ever considered going back to school?
ORDENE EN PRESENTE PERFECTO
ignore / never / Harry / his father’s advice
Harry has never ignored his father’s advice
ORDENE EN PRESENTE PERFECTO
the student / not / decide on / still / a career
The student still has not decided on a career
ORDENE EN PRESENTE PERFECTO
sign up for / one course / so far / they
They have signed up for one course so far
So far, They have signed up for one course
ORDENE EN PRESENTE PERFECTO
think about / a career in politics / never / I
I have never thought about a career in politics
ORDENE EN PRESENTE PERFECTO
just / switch to / a new career / Jerry
Jerry has just switched to a new career
ORDENE EN PRESENTE PERFECTO
medical school / already / be accepted to / she
She has already been accepted to medical school
ORDENE EN PRESENTE PERFECTO
take up / lately / you / any new hobbies / ?
Have you taken up any new hobbies lately?
ORDENE EN PRESENTE PERFECTO
ask / he / her to marry him / twice
He has asked her to marry him twice
ORDENE EN PRESENTE PERFECTO
ever / they / talk about / their plans for the future?
Have they ever talked about their plans for the future?
LOS SIGUIENTES ADVERBIOS Y EXPRESIONES SE USAN CON PRESENTE PERFECTO (ACCIONES FINALIZADAS)
EVER; NEVER; ALREADY; YET; SO FAR; STILL (PARA NEGATIVOS); ONCE; TWICE; THREE TIMES
EVER
SIEMPRE; NUNCA; ALGUNA VEZ
NEVER
NUNCA; NI SIQUIERA
ALREADY
YA
YET
AÚN; TODAVÍA; YA
SO FAR
HASTA AHORA
STILL (CON NEGATIVOS)
TODAVÍA; AÚN (CON NEGATIVOS)
HAVE YOU EVER THOUGHT ABOUT A CAREER IN LAW?
HAS PENSADO ALGUNA VEZ EN UNA CARRERA EN LEYES?
WE’VE NEVER CONSIDERED THAT COURSE OF ACTION
NOSOTROS NUNCA CONSIDERAMOS ESE CURSO DE ACCIÓN (PROCEDER)
SHE HAS ALREADY DECIDED ON A CAREER IN BUSINESS
ELLA SE HA DECIDIDO POR UNA CARRERA EN NEGOCIOS
I STILL HAVEN’T MADE UP MY MIND
STILL VA INMEDIATAMENTE DESPUÉS DE I DEL SUJETO. SE USA CUANDO HAVE LLEVA LA NEGACIÓN
LOS ADVERBIOS JUST; RECENTLY AND LATELY
se usan para describir eventos pasados, de los cuales no se sabe fecha exacta. Van después de HAVE (Regla general)
SHE’S JUST BEEN ACCEPTED IN SCHOOL
SHE’S JUST BEEN ACCEPTED IN SCHOOL
THEY’VE RECENTLY MADE PLANS TO GET MARRIED
THEY’VE RECENTLY MADE PLANS TO GET MARRIED
HAVE YOU MADE ANY PROGRESS WITH YOUR JOB SEARCH LATELY?
HAVE YOU MADE ANY PROGRESS WITH YOUR JOB SEARCH LATELY?
Si conoemos exactamente cuándo ocurrió un hecho
USAMOS SIMPLE PAST
SHE APPLIED FOR THE POSITION LAST WEEK
SHE APPLIED FOR THE POSITION LAST WEEK
SHE HAS APPLIED FOR THE POSITION LAST WEEK MAL MAL NUNCA
NO SE PUEDE USAR
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO ( I HAVE STUDIED ENGLISH)
USUALMENTE (NO ES REGLA), SE UTILIZA PARA ACCIONES QUE SE TERMINARON
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO (I HAVE BEEN STUDYING ENGLISH)
USUALMENTE (NO ES REGLA), SE UTILIZA PARA ACCIONES QUE CONTINÚAN EJECUTÁNDOSE
STATIVE VERBS (NON-ACTION) NO SE PUEDEN USAR EN EL PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO
BE; BELIEVE; HATE; HAVE (FOR POSSESSION); KNOW; LIKE; LOVE; OWN; SEEM (PARECER); UNDERSTAND
I’VE KNOWN ABOUT HIS RESEARCH
NUNCA “I’VE BEEN KNOWING ABOUT ……”
JUST; RECENTLY
ANTES DEL VERBO
YET
AL FINAL DE LA ORACIÓN
SO FAR
NORMALMENTE AL FINAL DE LA ORACIÓN; TAMBIÉN SE PUEDE AL PRINCIPIO
SUCH A
SUCH A BABY
HE HAS SUCH A GREAT REPUTATION
TIENE UNA MUY GRANDE REPUTACIÓN
SUCH A
COMO UN
SUCH A
UNA MUY
PREPOSICIÓN QUE VA DESPUÉS DE
TAKE
UP
Take up something you’re interested in
PREPOSICIÓN QUE VA DESPUÉS DE
DECIDE
ON
Decide on a course of study or a career
PREPOSICIÓN QUE VA DESPUÉS DE
APPLY
FOR
Apply for a position or an opportunity to study
PREPOSICIÓN QUE VA DESPUÉS DE
BE ACCEPTED
TO / INTO
Be acepted to a school or a program
PREPOSICIÓN QUE VA DESPUÉS DE
BE REJECTED
BY
Be rejected by a program or a school
PREPOSICIÓN QUE VA DESPUÉS DE
SIGN UP
FOR
Sign up for a course or an activity
PREPOSICIÓN QUE VA DESPUÉS DE
ENROLL
IN
Enroll in a school, organization or program
PREPOSICIÓN QUE VA DESPUÉS DE
SWITCH
TO
Switch to a new course of study or career
JUST; RECENTLY AND LATELY
Van después de HAVE
Si es pregunta, van al final
Describen eventos que han pasado hace poco
Cuando se sabe específicamente cuando ocurrió algo. Qué tiempo se usa?
SIMPLE PAST nunca presente perfecto
She applied for something last week
NUNCA
She has applied for something last week
COLLOCATION
Group of words
PREPOSICIÓN QUE VA DESPUÉS DE
HAVE EXPERIENCE
WITH Or Doing something Or IN a field
PREPOSICIÓN QUE VA DESPUÉS DE
HAVE TRAINING
IN
A field
PREPOSICIÓN QUE VA DESPUÉS DE
HAVE THE ABILITY
TO
do something
PREPOSICIÓN QUE VA DESPUÉS DE
HAVE KNOWLEDGE
OF
A skill, a field
Alguna vez has jugado fútbol?
Have you ever played football?
He has experience in the tourism industry
He has experience working in a hotel
He has the ability to manage groups of people
He has the ability to make quick decissions
He has training in emergency procedures
He has knowledge of languages
Responsible for all shipboard entertainment
He has experience planning recreational activities
I can use my knowledge of languages
I can use my ability to motivate people
I have the ability
Nunca I have ability
I need to get a phd in economics
I need a Harvard master in government
Corrija o escriba CORRECTO
The woman with whom I spoke was very helpful.
CORRECT
Corrija o escriba CORRECTO
The First Avenue Market is one place which I’ve always gotten fresh fish.
The First Avenue Market is one place WHERE I’ve always gotten fresh fish.
Corrija o escriba CORRECTO
Her ideas are ones what aren’t very common.
Her ideas are ones WHICH aren’t very common.
Corrija o escriba CORRECTO
Is that the teacher which all the students have been talking about?
Is that the teacher WHO all the students have been talking about?
Corrija o escriba CORRECTO
The palace, whose history can be traced over 500 years, is a historical landmark.
CORRECT
Corrija o escriba CORRECTO
The author who stories won the contest was previously unknown.
The author WHOSE stories won the contest was previously unknown.
WHOSE
CUYO
WHO; WHOM
SE USAN PARA PERSONAS
THAT; WHOSE
SE USA PARA PERSONAS Y COSAS
WHICH
SE USA PARA COSAS, NUNCA PARA PERSONAS
WHOM Y WHICH
SE USAN DESPUÉS DE UNA PREPOSICIÓN. EXCLUSIVAMENTE.
DESPUÉS DE UNA PREPOSICIÓN NO PUEDE IR WHO NI THAT
WITH WHOM
CON QUIEN
FROM WHOM
DE QUIEN
WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH
SE DENOMINAN RELATIVE PRONOUN. Van después de preposición.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE WITH PRONOUN
QUANTIFIER + OF + RELATIVE PRONOUN. Como OF es preposición, después no puede ir WHO ni THAT
The band has four members, all of whom were born in Melbourne.
The guest brought a beautiful cake to dinner, half of which was later enjoyed for dessert.
There are several rumors going around now, none of which are true.
The artist is Alice Flannigan, one of whose favorite colors is blue.
The concert includes the compositions of several local musicians, a few of whom have gone on to record their own albums.
I’ve heard two versions of the story, neither of which is very believable in my opinion.
I’m sorry. I’ll pay for the damage
He took responsability for the damage
It wasn’t my fault. I”m not paying for it
He avoided taking responsibility for the damage
He said “I’m sorry. It was my fault”
He admitted making a mistake
He lied and said “It was Bob’s fault”
He shifted the blame to someone
He overslept but said “Sorry, the train was late”
He made up an excuse
After he broke the camera, he said, “I’ll buy a new one”
He made up for it;
He made up for breaking the camera
TO MADE UP
ASUMIR LA RESPONSABILIDAD
FORMAL
They deceived people with whom they interacted
INFORMAL
They deceived people whom (who) they interacted with
FORMAL
Money is a subject about which people are rarely honest
INFORMAL
Money is a subject which (that) people are rarely honest about
FORMAL
The man from whom we received the survey is studying about lying
INFORMAL
The man whom (who) we received the survey from is studying about lying
FORMAL
They lie for the person to whom they are closest
INFORMAL
They lie for the person whom (who) they are closest to
DE QUIEN
FROM WHOM
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