Gram positives Flashcards

1
Q

How is streptococci classified?

A

haemolysis

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2
Q

What does alpha haemolysis look like?

A

green

partial

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3
Q

What does beta haemolysis look like?

A

full

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4
Q

What does gamma haemolysis look like?

A

white

none

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5
Q

What type of haemolysis does viridens strep have?

A

alpha haemolysis

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6
Q

What type of haemolysis does group A strep (pyogenes) have?

A

beta haemolysis

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7
Q

What is haemolysis?

A

destruction of red blood cells by bacteria

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8
Q

What type of haemolysis does enterococcus have?

A

gamma haemolytic

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9
Q

What is strep agalactaiae? When is it found?

A

group B beta haemolytic strep

found in pregnancy and neonates

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10
Q

What is strep gallollyticus sometimes found in?

A

endocarditis

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11
Q

What is the name of the stain used to distinguish between gram postive and negative?

A

crystal violet

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12
Q

How does gram postive bacteria respond to crystal violet?

A

thick peptidoglycan layer traps the crystal violet

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13
Q

How does gram negative bacteria respond to crystal violet?

A

crystal violet is easily washed away revealing red dye

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14
Q

Where is strep pneumoniae found as a normal commensal?

A

in and around the mouth

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15
Q

What can strep penumoniae cause?

A

otitis media/externa, meningitis, penumonia

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16
Q

Can strep pneumoniae be vaccinated against?

17
Q

How is strep pneumoniae treated?

A

penicillin

18
Q

How does penicillin act on strep pneumonia?

A

binds to enzymes needed to synthesis the peptidoglycan cell wall

19
Q

What countries have a high level of pneumococcal resistance?

A
canada
china
croatia
spain 
Poland
pakistan
mexico
italy
USA
greece
turkey
20
Q

What is the treatment of strep penumoniae if the patient has been to one of these countries?

A

IV Vancomycin or Rifampicin

21
Q

What is the most common type of enterococcus?

A

E. feacalis

22
Q

What is the second most common type of enterococcus?

23
Q

Where is enterococcus normally found as a commensal?

24
Q

What does enterococcus cause?

A

UTIs
endocarditis
bacteraemia

25
What is the treatment for enterococcus?
IV Amoxicillin | oral step down: amor or co trim
26
What is the treatment for enterococcus if pen allergic?
IV Vancomycin
27
What is given for staph aureus if it has caused sepsis? What if they were pen allergic?
IV flucox | IV vancomycin
28
What should you give to a MRSA blood stream infection?
IV vancomycin
29
What should you give to a MSSA blood stream infection?
IV flucoxacillin
30
What is the class of C.diff bacteria?
gram positive bacilli
31
What is the treatment for mild C.diff?
oral metranidazole
32
What is the treatment for severe C.diff?
oral vancomycin