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6. Microbiology > Gram Positive Bacteria > Flashcards

Gram Positive Bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

List 3 examples of staphylococci.

Are they coagulase positive or negative?

A

COAGULASE +VE:
Staph. aureus

COAGULASE -VE:
Staph. epidermidis
Staph. saprophyticus

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2
Q

What conditions can staph. aureus cause? (5)

A 
Pneumonia
Cellulitis
Septic arthritis
Infective endocarditis
Line associated infection
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3
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of staph. aureus infection.

A

Staph. aureus releases exotoxins, e.g.

TSST-1 - toxic shock syndrome

Exfoliatin - scalded skin syndrome

Enterotoxin - food poisoning

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4
Q

Which 2 conditions are usually related to coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) instead of staph. aureus?

A

Prosthetic valve endocarditis

Infection of medical devices

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5
Q

How are streptococci classified? (3)

What are the subdivisions?

List some examples.

A

Alpha haemolytic

  • Strep pneumoniae
  • Strep viridans
  • Strep milleri

Beta haemolytic

  • Group A (strep pyogenes)
  • Group B (strep agalactiae)
  • Group C
  • Group G

Gamma haemolytic
-Enterococci

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6
Q

What can be caused by strep. pneumoniae:

a) in children? (1)
b) in adults? (2)

A

CHILDREN:
Otitis media

ADULTS:
Pneumonia
Bacterial meningitis

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7
Q

What can be caused by strep. viridans? (1)

What is a common origin of this bacteria?

A

Bacterial endocarditis

Often comes from dental caries

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8
Q

What does strep. milleri cause? (3)

A

Abdominal abscess
Chest abscess
Brain abscess

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9
Q

How would group A beta haemolytic streptococci be treated?

What is the disadvantage to this?

A

Penicillin (ALL group A streps are sensitive to penicillin)

BUT, 10% are resistant to erythromycin and other drugs, so difficult to treat when patient has a penicillin allergy

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10
Q

Which 6 conditions can be caused by group A streptococci?

Give an example of a causative organism.

A 
Pharyngitis
Scarlet fever
Skin/soft tissue infections (e.g. erysipelas, myositis)
Toxic shock syndrome
Necrotising fasciitis
Bacteraemia

E.g. strep. pyogenes

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11
Q

List 3 long-term complications of group A streptococci infections.

A

Delayed antibody-mediated disease
Rheumatic fever
Acute post-strep glomerulonephritis

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12
Q

Which conditions can be caused by group B streptococci in:

a) neonates? (4)
b) adults? (6)

A 
NEONATES:
Cellulitis
Meningitis
Neurological damage
Endocarditis
ADULTS:
Pneumonia
Cellulitis
Bone infection
UTI
Bacteraemia
Endocarditis
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13
Q

Which conditions can be caused by enterococci? (4)

A

UTI
Infective endocarditis
Biliary tract infections
Abdominal infections

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14
Q

How are gram positive bacilli classified? (2)

List 2 types of bacteria found in each category.

A

Spore-forming gram positive bacilli

  • Bacillus
  • Clostridium

Non-spore-forming gram positive bacilli

  • Listeria
  • Corynebacterium
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15
Q

List 2 examples of bacillus bacteria (the species, not the shape).

A

Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus cereus

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16
Q

Which conditions can be caused by bacillus anthracis?

A

Anthrax
Cutaneous infection
Respiratory infection
GI infection

17
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of bacillus anthracis. (4)

A

Produces (central) spores

Releases exotoxins, e.g.

  • Oedema factor
  • Protective antigen
  • Lethal factor
18
Q

Which 5 conditions can be caused by clostridium bacteria?

List the types of clostridium which are commonly associated with these diseases.

A

Botulism (C. botulinum)

Tetanus (C. tetani)

Gas gangrene (C. perfingens, C. novyi, C. septicum)

Pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile)

Antibiotic associated diarrhoea (C. difficile)

19
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of C. botulinum infection. (2)

A
  1. Releases toxins which bind to presynaptic nerve endings

2. This blocks ACh release, causing descending flaccid paralysis

20
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of C. tetani infection. (2)

A
  1. Releases toxin which inhibits release of inhibitory neurotransmitters
  2. This causes sustained tetanic contraction
21
Q

Give an example of a corynebacterium, and the disease that it causes.

A

Corynebacterium diphteriae

Causes: diphtheria

22
Q

List 2 clinical features of diphtheria.

A

Bull neck swelling

Pseudomembrane formation in throat

23
Q

Give an example of a listeria bacteria, and the disease that it causes.

A

Listeria monocytogenes

Causes: food poisoning

24
Q

Which conditions can be caused by listeria monocytogenes in:

a) Pregnancy? (2)
b) Neonates? (1)

A

PREGNANCY:
Foetal infection
Miscarriage

NEONATES:
Maculopapular rash

6. Microbiology (15 decks)

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