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6. Microbiology > Antibiotics: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors > Flashcards

Antibiotics: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 main categories of antibiotic?

A 
Cell wall inhibitors
Protein biosynthesis inhibitors
DNA/RNA replication inhibitors
Folate synthesis inhibitors
Special cases
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2
Q

What are the 2 groups of protein biosynthesis inhibitors? List which types of antibiotics are found in each group. (5 in total)

A

Antibiotics targeting the 50S ribosome subunit:

  1. Macrolides
  2. Clindamycin
  3. Chloraphenicol

Antibiotics targeting the 30S ribosome subunit:

  1. Aminoglycosides
  2. Tetracyclines
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3
Q

List 3 examples of macrolides.

A

Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin

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4
Q

How are macrolides administered?

A

Oral

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5
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of macrolides. (2)

A
  1. Bind to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting ribosome function
  2. Therefore bacteria can’t produce proteins
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6
Q

Which 2 types of protein synthesis inhibitors are used for atypical bacteria?

A

Macrolides

Tetracyclines

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7
Q

List 3 adverse effects of macrolides.

A 
Diarrhoea & vomiting
QT prolongation
Hearing loss (long term use)
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8
Q

Give 3 examples of drug interactions for macrolides.

A

Simvastatin
Atorvastatin
Warfarin

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9
Q

How is clindamycin administered?

A

Oral

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10
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of clindamycin. (2)

A
  1. Bind to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting protein synthesis
  2. Inhibit exotoxin production
    a. Therefore used in toxin-mediated disease, e.g. toxic shock syndrome, necrotising fasciitis
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11
Q

Which 6 infections is clindamycin used for?

A

Bacteriodes
Clostridium
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus

Infections causing toxin-mediated disease, i.e.

  1. Toxic shock syndrome
  2. Necrotising fasciitis
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12
Q

List 1 adverse effect of clindamycin.

Why is this common with this drug?

A

C. difficile infection

WHY? Clindamycin is particularly active against anaerobes, e.g. colonic microflora

This disrupts normal microflora, allowing C. diff infection

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13
Q

What are the 4Cs associated with C. difficile infection?

A

Clindamycin
Co-amoxiclav
Cephalosporins
Ciprofloxacin

NOTE: all antibiotics can cause C. diff, but these are especially bad

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14
Q

How is chloramphenicol administered?

A

Oral or IV

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15
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol. (2)

A
  1. Binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes

2. This inhibits bacterial protein production

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16
Q

List 3 adverse effects of chloramphenicol.

A

Bone marrow suppression
Aplastic anaemia
Optic neuritis

17
Q

Which 2 conditions is chloramphenicol used for?

A

Topical therapy in eye infections

Bacterial meningitis with beta-lactam allergy

18
Q

Give 1 example of an aminoglycoside antibiotic.

A

Gentamicin

19
Q

How are aminoglycosides administered?

What is the maximum duration of treatment?

List 3 dosing requirements for aminoglycosides.

A

IV

Maximum duration: 3 days

Dosing requirements:

  1. High loading dose
  2. Long dosing intervals (24-48 hours)
  3. Monitoring of trough level
20
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides. (3)

A
  1. Reversibly binds to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes
  2. This causes bacteriostatic action
    b. This causes prolonged post-antibiotic effect
  3. Bactericidal action on cell membrane
    a. Rapid bacteriolysis
21
Q

List 3 adverse effects of aminoglycosides.

A

Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity (hearing loss, loss of balance, oscillopsia)
Neuromuscular blockade

22
Q

List 1 example of a tetracyclin antibiotic.

A

Doxycycline

23
Q

How is doxycycline administered?

A

Oral

24
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of tetracyclines. (1)

A
  1. Target 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting protein synthesis
25
Q

List 2 adverse effects of tetracyclines.

Which patient groups would you avoid giving tetracyclines?

A

Bone abnormalities
Tooth discolouration

AVOID IN:
Pregnant women
Children

6. Microbiology (15 decks)

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