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6. Microbiology > Beta Lactam Antibiotics > Flashcards

Beta Lactam Antibiotics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How is penicillin administered?

A

IV

Oral form = penicillin V (but rarely used)

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2
Q

Which 3 infections does penicillin treat?

Which is the main one?

A

Streptococcus (first line)
Clostridium
Neisseria

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3
Q

What is the first line treatment for streptococcal infections?

A

Penicillin

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4
Q

Which 5 infections does amoxicillin treat?

A 
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Clostridium
Neisseria
Haemophilus
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5
Q

How is amoxicillin administered?

A

Oral

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6
Q

Which 2 infections does flucloxacillin treat?

What can it NOT treat AT ALL?

A

Staph. aureus (not MRSA)
Streptococcus

CANNOT treat any gram negative organisms

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7
Q

How is flucloxacillin administered?

A

Oral

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8
Q

Give 2 examples of β-lactamase inhibitors.

A

Clavulanic acid

Tazobactam

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9
Q

Give 2 examples of combination therapy, combining β-lactams and β-lactamase inhibitors.

A

C-amoxiclav (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid)

Tazocin (piperacillin + tazobactam)

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10
Q

Which 2 infections are β-lactamase inhibitors useful for?

A

Gram negative bacteria

Staph. aureus

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11
Q

Which infections is co-amoxiclav used for?

A

Any EXCEPT pseudomonas

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12
Q

How is co-amoxiclav adminstered?

A

Oral

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13
Q

Which infections is tazocin used for?

A

Any infection

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14
Q

How is tazocin administered?

A

IV

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of β-lactamase inhibitors? (2)

A

There are many β-lactamases that are NOT inhibited

Resistance is increasing

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16
Q

How is ceftriaxone administered?

A

IV

17
Q

Which 7 infections is ceftriaxone used for?

A 
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
E. coli & other coliforms
Neisseria
Haemophilus
Bacteriodes
Clostridium

NOTE: this is everything EXCEPT enterococcus and pseudomonas

18
Q

How is meropenem administered?

A

IV

19
Q

Which infections is meropenem used for?

A

Any bacteria

BUT only after all other antibiotics have failed - avoid using meropenem to avoid resistance developing

20
Q

How is aztreonam administered?

A

IV

21
Q

Which 5 infections is aztreonam used for?

Which infections can it NOT be used for AT ALL? (2)

A 
E. coli
Other coliforms
Neisseria
Haemophilus
Pseudomonas

CANNOT be used for any gram positive infections/anaerobic gram negative infections

22
Q

How do you treat MRSA (methicillin resistant staph aureus)?

NOTE: this is NOT a beta lactam antibiotic. What sort of antibiotic is it?

A

Vancomycin

Glycopeptide antibiotic

23
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of vancomycin. (3)

A
  1. Inhibits cell wall formation in gram positive bacteria
  2. No action against gram negative bacteria
  3. Not reliant on penicillin binding proteins, therefore effective against resistant organisms
24
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of beta lactam antibiotics. (3)

A
  1. Beta lactam ring is an analogue to the peptidoglycan cell wall
  2. Inhibits cross linking of the cell wall, as enzymes involved in this preferentially bind to beta lactams
  3. This causes lysis of the bacterial cell
25
Q

How is vancomycin administered?

What is one situation in which you would give it differently?

A

IV

NOTE: oral to treat C. diff (because it stays inside the gut)

26
Q

Which infections are treated with vancomycin?

A 
Gram positives, e.g.
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Clostridium
Staphylococcus (including MRSA)
27
Q

List 3 adverse effects of vancomycin.

A
  1. Nephrotoxicity
  2. Red man syndrome
  3. Ototoxicity
28
Q

List 4 adverse effects of beta lactam antibiotics.

Give 3 examples of each of these.

A

GI toxicity (vomiting; diarrhoea; cholestasis)

Hypersensitivity (type 1; type 4, interstitial nephritis)

Infection (candidiasis; C. diff; resistant bacteria)

Rare reactions (seizure; haemolysis; leukopenia)

29
Q

Which penicillins are oral?

Which penicillins are IV?

A 
Oral penicillins:
Penicillin V
Amoxicillin 
Flucloxacillin
Co-amoxiclav

IV penicillins:
Benzyl-penicillin
Tazocin

6. Microbiology (15 decks)

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