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Gram Negative Flashcards

1
Q

Enterobacteriaceae family members & features

A
  • Escherichia
  • Salmonella
  • Yersinia
  • Shigella
  • oxidase negative
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2
Q

Escherichia important species

A

-E. coli

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3
Q

Escherichia disease patterns

A
  • diarrhea
  • endotoxemia
  • opportunistic UTI
  • mastitis
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4
Q

Escherichia treatment

A
  • correct fluid/electrolyte imbalance
  • antibiotic use is controversial
  • questionably effective vaccines in cattle and swine
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5
Q

Salmonella important species

A

S. enterica subspecies I (or subspecies enterica)

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6
Q

Salmonella disease patterns

A
  • diarrhea, enteritis
  • septicemia
  • toxemia
  • pneumonia
  • “arizonosis” (S. arizonae)
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7
Q

Salmonella treatment

A
  • enteritis: correct fluid/electrolyte imbalance
  • systemic: antibiotics guided by susceptibility testing (multidrug resistsance is common)

*sanitation in reptiles is extremely important

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8
Q

Yersinia important species

A
  • Y. enterocolitica
  • -Y. pseudotuberculosis pestis* (ze plague!)
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9
Q

Yersinia disease patterns

A
  • Y. enterocolitica*: gastroenteritis, septicemia, lymphadenitis
  • Y. pestis:* bubonic or pnemonic plague
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10
Q

Yersinia treatment

A
  • tetracycline, aminoglycoside (NOT beta-lactams)
  • flea and rodent control for plague
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11
Q

Shigella disease patterns

A
  • dysentery (very severe diarrhea), septicemia
  • restricted to primates
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12
Q

Shigella treatment

A
  • supportive care
  • antibiotics
  • sanitation
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13
Q

Pasteurellaceae family members

A
  • Pasteurella
  • Bibersteinia
  • Mannheimia
  • Actinobacillus
  • Haemophilis
  • Histophilus

*all oxidase positive bacteria

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14
Q

Pasteurella (and Bibersteinia and Mannheimia) characteristics & important species

A
  • usually normal flora in oral cavity/upper respiratory tracy
  • transmission by respiratory tract, bite wounds, licking
  • P. multocida
  • -B. trehalosi*
  • M. haemolytica*
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15
Q

Pasteurella, Bibersteina, Mannheimia disease patterns

A
  • pneumonia/respiratory disease “shipping fever” (Mannhemia)
  • wound infections (bite wounds)
  • mastitis
  • atrophic rhinitis (P. multocida)
  • “avian cholera” (P. multocida)
  • “snuffles” (rabbits)
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16
Q

Pasteurella treatment

A
  • antibiotics (tetracycline)
  • vaccination in cows and pigs
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17
Q

Actinobacillus characteristics & important species

A
  • radiating/star-shaped appearance on slides
  • normal oral flora, spreads to other sites
  • A. equuli equuli, A. equuli haemolytica, A. lignieresii
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18
Q

Actinobacillus disease patterns

A

pneumonia, wound infections, lesions on mammary gland

-“wooden tongue” (granuloma on tongue)- A. lignieresii

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19
Q

Actinobacillus treatment

A
  • topical iodine for “wooden tongue”
  • antibiotics (tetracycline)
  • vaccines for pigs
  • minimize piglet contact with asymptomatic adults
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20
Q

Haemophilus characteristics

A
  • grown on chocolate agar (cooked blood)
  • normal oral flora, spreads to other sites
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21
Q

Haemophilus disease patterns

A
  • conjunctivitis
  • septicemia
  • “Glasser’s disease” (multiple organs)- accumulation of fibrin
  • pneumonia (opportunistic)
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22
Q

Haemophilus treatment

A
  • antibiotics (tetracycline)
  • vaccine for poultry
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23
Q

Histophilus important species

A

H. somni (depressive effect on CNS)

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24
Q

Histophilus disease patterns

A
  • thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)
  • septicemia
  • respiratory
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25
Histophilus treatment
- antibiotics (tetracycline) - vaccine for cattle
26
Bordetella characteristics & important species
- chronic respiratory tract infection - *B. avium* * -B. bronchiseptica* (kennel cough)
27
Bordetella disease patterns
- tracheobronchitis "kennel cough" - pneumonia - atrophic rhinitis with *P. multocida* (pigs) - avian rhinotracheitis
28
Bordetella treatment
- sanitation/ventilation - tetracycline - vaccination
29
Francisella characteristics & important species
- association with tularemia - normally through tick or fly bite, but also ingestion of infected carcass - rodent reservois (western US) - may be asymptomatic animal - almost any animal is susceptible (zoonotic) - *F. tularensis*
30
Francisella disease patterns
- endotoxemia - inflammatory disease (profound inflammation of vasculature) - tularemia: lymphadenopathy and septicemia
31
Francisella treatment
- tetracycline - limit exposure to vectors
32
Moraxella characterisitcs & important species
- can be transmitted by faceflies - direct transmission, contact with secretions - *M.* subg*. Moraxella bovis*
33
Moraxella disease patterns
- "pink eye" - keratoconjuctivitis - corneal ucler
34
Moraxella treatment
- tetracycline - facefly control - vaccination
35
Pseudomonas characteristics
- fluorescent on slides - very highly antibiotic resistant - ubiquitous in environment, especially in moist places
36
Pseudomonas disease patterns
- multiple opportunistic infections - otitis externa - mastitis - keratoconjuntivitis (warm areas)
37
Pseudomonas treatment
- gentamicin (multidrug resistant) - correct predisposing factors
38
Burkholderia characteristics & important species
- biowarfare agent - reportable disease - thrives in wet environment - *B. mallei* in equids - *B. pseudomallei* in wide range of vertebrates
39
Burkholderia disease patterns
- multisystemic pyogranulomatous disease "glanders" (*B. mallei*) - acutely fatal pyogranulomatous disease "melioidosis" (*B. pseudomallei*)
40
Burkholderia treatment
- culling (*B. mallei*) - tetracycline (*B. pseudomallei*)
41
Taylorella characteristics
- reproductive disease - considered to be foreign animal disease
42
Taylorella disease patterns
- purulent endometritis - contagious equine metritis (CEM) - discharge of pus from vagina - infertility, abortion
43
Taylorella treatment
- topical antisepsis and antimicrobials - U.S. import surveillance (foreign disease)
44
Brucella characteristics & important species
- reproductive disorder - brucellosis - facultative intracellular organisms - concern with wildlife transmitting to cattle (political) - *B. abortus* (zoonotic potential), *B. canis, B. melitensis* (broad host range-zoonotic), *B. ovis, B. suis*
45
Brucella disease patterns
- abortion, infertility - epididymitis - secondary sites (osteomyelitis) - septicemia - neurological signs
46
Brucella treatment
- vaccinate cows (famous RB50) - test and cull livestock
47
Campylobacter characteristics & important species
- mostly reproductive except *C. jejuni* - *C. fetus fetus, C. fetus venerealis, C. jejuni*
48
Campylobacter disease patterns
- gastroenteritis (*C. jejuni)* - infertility/inappearance abortion, endometritis (*C. fetus venerealis)* - frank abortion (*C. fetus fetus)*
49
Campylobacter treatment
- vaccinate - penicillin, tetracycline - culling, sanitation
50
Brachyspira characteristics
- curly shaped organism - surface of gut looks like it has long hair when infected
51
Brachyspira disease patterns
diarrhea, dysentery (30% of diagnosed cases in pigs)
52
Brachyspira treatment
metronidazole
53
Lawsonia characteristics
- intracellular organism - has affinity for silver
54
Lawsonia disease patterns
- proliferative enteritis, "wet tail", 30% of diagnosed cases in swine - hemorrhagic enteritis with rectal prolapse (small rodents)
55
Lawsonia treatment
- vaccination - tetracycline
56
Helicobacter characteristics
-very common in veterinary medicine
57
Helicobacter disease patterns
- gastritis - abortion - avian "vibrionic hepatitis"
58
Heliobacter treatment
amoxicillin
59
Borrelia characteristics & important species
- spiral shaped morphology - transmitted by ticks (lyme disease) - *B. burgdorferi* (zoonotic)
60
Borrelia disease patterns
- "lyme" lymphadenopathy - arthritis - avian "spirochetosis" - neuropathy
61
Borrelia treatment
- tetracycline - ectoparasite control - vaccine for dogs with high risk of exposure
62
Leptospira characteristics
- water-loving, moist enviornment - thin (looks like spaghetti)
63
Leptospira disease patterns
- septicemia - hepatic and renal disease (dogs) - abortion, infertility - moon blindness (horses)
64
Leptospira treatment
- penicillin - vaccination (high risk of anaphylaxis in puppies and Daschunds) - L5 bacterin in cows - given in conjunction with Erysipelothrix bacterin in pigs
65
Anaerobe species
* -Bacteroides fragilis* * -Dichelobacter nodosus* * -Fusobacterium necrophorum*
66
Anaerobe characteristics
- normally found in gut - exposed through feces
67
Anaerobe disease patterns?
- foot rot - abscesses \*low oxygen environment with fecal contamination
68
Anaerobe treatment
- drain abscesses - hoof trimming - topical antiseptics - penicillin - isolation

Microbiology (9 decks)

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