Grade 12 Exam Review Flashcards
1
Q
maintaining cleanliness to prevent spread of microorganisms
A
Medical Asepsis
2
Q
Protect all health workers from exposure and transmission to others
A
Universal precautions
3
Q
Hospitals and health care facilities use this; combines universal precautions with body substances isolation guidelines
A
Standard precautions
4
Q
possibility of blood and body fluid contact
A
category 1
5
Q
blood not visible, possibility of body fluid contamination
A
category 2
6
Q
no risk of body fluid contact
A
category 3
7
Q
bath of special solution through which sound waves pass loose debris from instruments
A
ultrasonic
8
Q
3 criteria for disinfection
A
proper time, proper contact, proper dilution
9
Q
destroy all microoragnisms except acterial spores
A
high level
10
Q
inactivates bacteria such as staph, most fungus and viruses, not spores
A
intermediate
11
Q
most bacteria, some viruses and fungi
not resistant microorganisms or spores
A
low level
12
Q
required for all instruments that will penetrate a client’s skin
A
sterilization
13
Q
temperature, pressure, time
A
autoclave
14
Q
if enough of your neighbours are vaccinated you’re unlikely to get the disease
A
herd immunity
15
Q
vaccinate people in the immediate vacinity of someone who had he disease or to those who are most likely to be infected
A
ring vaccination
16
Q
gram negative
A
red
17
Q
gram positive
A
purple
18
Q
grow in the presence of O2
A
aerobes
19
Q
grow in the absence of O2
A
anaerobic
20
Q
can grow with or without O2
A
facultative
21
Q
grows in chains, gram positive
A
streptococci
22
Q
grape like clusters, gram positive
A
staphylococci
23
Q
stain that adheres to a waxy cell wall
A
acid fast
24
Q
cant gram stain
A
tuberculosis, and spirilla
25
liquid keeps the organisms alive and mobile to it can be examined
wet mount
26
speciment is spread thinly and unevenly across the slide and may be fixed
smear
27
allows for growth of colonies
culture medium
28
anaerobic, spore forming rods, gram positive
clostridium difficile
29
normal cells that have begun to divide at a rapid and unorganized rate
cancer
30
loss of differntiation of cells; return to a more primitive cell type; lack of orderly arrangement
anaplasia
31
masses or growths that arise from normal tissue
tumors
32
new growth, benign or malignant tumors
neoplasm
33
lessening of symptoms of a disease
remission
34
agents that cause cancer
carcinogens
35
change in the DNA of a cell
mutation
36
specialization of cells
differentation
37
expected outcome of a disease
prognosis
38
death
mortality
39
quality of life
morbidity
40
tending to become worse and results in death
malignant
41
non-cancerous but can still cause death depending on location
benign
42
lining of external and internal body surfaces, epithelial tissue; skin, glands, digestive, urinary, reproductive
carcinomas
43
supportive and connective tissue; bone, adipose, muscle, cartilage
sarcomas
44
can contain both epithelial and supportive/connective tissue; kidney, ovaries, testes
mixed tissue tumors
45
well diferentiated; closely resembles orginal tissue cells
grade 1
46
less differentiated ; still can determine parent cells
grade 2
47
Even less differentiated - not functioning
Grade 3
48
Anaplasia; difficult to determine Tumor tissue site of origin
Grade 4
49
Very early ; cells localized to few cell layers
Stage 1
50
Spread to deeper cell layers, infiltrate to surrounding tissues
Stage 2
51
Infiltrated surrounding tissue ; contained in the primary cancer site
Stage 3
52
Invasive to near by sites
Stage 4
53
Metastases to other organs of the body via the blood stream or lymphatic system
Stage 5
54
Maximal doses of ionizing radiation to Tumor cells
Radiation therapy
55
Drugs target rapidly dividing cells
Chemotherapy
56
Using immune cells to target and fight Tumor cells
Biological agents
57
Contraction of atrium
P. Wave
58
Stimulus is delayed in the bundle of his to allow the atria enough time to pump all the blood in the ventricles
Pause after p wave
59
Electrical stimulus passes trough the bundle of his - signal fibers divide into left and right bundle branches
Q wave
60
Contraction of left ventricle
R wave
61
Contraction of right ventricle
S wave
62
P-R interval
0.12-0.20 seconds or 3-5 small squares
63
QRS segment
Less than 0.12 or less than 3 small squares
64
60-100 Bpm, p wave rounded and same shape, p-r interval constant
Sinus rhythm
65
Less than 40-60 Bpm, regular rhythm
Sinus bradycardia
66
Greater than 100-130 Bpm, regular rhythm
Sinus tachycardia
67
Conduction from P to QRS delayed
1st degree heart block
68
Delay from SA to AV and in some cases the impulse does not reach the ventricle
2nd degree heart block
69
No impulse from AV getting through to the ventricles ; the ventricular contractions are firing independently
3rd degree heart block
70
Impulses from the ventricle are over riding impulse from the SA node
Supra ventricular tachycardia
71
SA node is firing too quickly and only a few impulses are making it through to the AV node to the ventricle
Atrial flutter
72
Delay in conduction through the purkinje fibers
Bundle branch block
73
Ventricle is shaking, no blood pumping ; HR 300-600
Ventricular fibrillation
74
Guides to lawful behaviour
Legal standards
75
Guides moral behaviour
Ethical standards
76
Standard to which all medical staff must perform their tasks and duties
Standard of care
77
Bad or faulty practice ; knowingly not adhering to standard of care with knowledge that this action will cause harm
Malpractice
78
Failure to give expected care or meet job requirements
Negligence
79
Deliberate and harmful to a person ; verbal sexual physical psychological
Abuse
80
Failing to provide the necessities of life ; not intentional
Neglect
81
Approaching or handling a person in a way that poses a threat to the person
Assault
82
Extension of the threat through violent contact or forcible restraint
Battery
83
Holding a person without just cause
False imprisonment
84
Failure to preserve the privacy of a persons body
Invasion of privacy
85
Damages the reputation of another person falsely and without good cause
Defamation of character
86
Written statements
Libel
87
Spoken statements
Slander
88
Having free choice
Autonomy
89
Doing or promoting good for someone
Beneficence
90
Seeking to do no harm
Nonmaleficence
91
Specialist in pharmacology
Pharmacologist
92
Study of what drugs do in the body
Pharmacodynamics
93
Study of what the body does to the drugs
Pharmacokinetics
94
Study of how drugs are used to treat disease
Pharmacotherapeutics
95
Process of breaking down
Metabolism
96
Life threading situation
Acute
97
Given before cs; based on clinical signs and symptoms
Empirical
98
To maintain health in chronic conditions
Maintenance
99
To reduce the symptoms or severity of a condition
Palliative
100
To prevent a disease or condition
Prophylactic
101
Provide a missing or limited chemical or enzyme in the body
Replacement
102
To treat a secondary condition related to a disease or condition
Supportive
103
To avoid deficiency
Supplement
104
Chemical name or scientific name
Generic name
105
Give to by pharmaceutical companies
Trade name
106
Undesirable secondary effect which occurs in addition to the desired therapeutic effect of a drug
Side effect
107
A harmful or abnormal result , can result in illness or death
Adverse effect
108
Works better; increase the effect of one of the drugs
Potentiate
109
Decrease the effect of a drug
Negate
110
The combination of drugs will increase the effect of both of the drugs more than the effect of the individual drug
Synergistic
111
What a patient feels, describes with words ; symptom
Subjective
112
Physiological quantities indebted directly
Objective
113
Glandular organ near the heart - where the T cells learn their job
Thymus
114
Blood producing tissue located inside certain bones
Bone marrow
115
Serves as a filter for the blood ; removes old and damaged red blood cells
Spleen
116
Small organs that filter out dead cells, antigens and other stuff to present to lymphocytes
Lymph nodes
117
Collect fluid that has leaked out from the blood into the tissues and returns to circulation
Lymphatic vessels
118
Blood infection
Septeciema
119
Most abundant type of leukocyte ; float in blood stream and become phagocytic when they encounter infectious material
Neutrophils
120
Leukocytes that are weakly phagocytic ; defend against parasitic worms
Eosinophils
121
Allergic reactions and inflammation ; the rarest of leukocytes
Basophils
122
Lyse and kill the cancer cells and virus which infect the body cells before the adaptive immune system is activated
Natural killer cells
123
Enter the infected cell and stimulates the synthesis of proteins that interfere with viral replication
Interferons
124
Group of plasma proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive state
- drill holes in cell membranes
Complement
125
Response to a Chemical called pyrogen
Fever
126
Circulate in the blood in the gamma globulin part of the blood proteins
Antibodies
127
Attaches to antigen and the MHC
| Stimulates the bone marrow to increase WBC
Helper T cells
128
Able to move in and out of blood and lymph to attack birdies and cancer cells which have the antigen market they have been sensitized to (die off in process)
Cytotoxic T cells (tc)
129
Remember antigen for next exposure
Memory T cells
130
Chemical that increase T and B cell production
Cytokines
131
Use their endoplasmic reticulum to create and secrete antibodies for the targeted antigen from the receptor antigen combination
Plasma B cells
132
Lie dormant but retain knowledge of how to make antibodies for the specific antigen
Memory B cells
133
Cross link soluble molecules in bacteria together making it easier for phagocytes to engulf them
Precipitation
134
Antibodies bind to bacteria cells and trigger the complements to fix to the cell surface and cause cell lysis
Lysis
135
They cross link more than one antigen into clumps enhancing phagocytosis
Agglutination
136
Block specific sites on virus or bacterial exotoxins
Neutralization
137
Contact with injection
Natural acquired active immunity
138
Immunization
Artificial acquired active immunity
139
Mother to child
Naturally acquired passive immunity
140
Injection of gamma globulin
Artificial acquired passive immunity
141
Foreign substance in the body
Antigen
142
Foreign substance in the body that is too small to start an immune reaction
Hapten
143
PRN
Per request
144
Q4H
Every 4 hours
145
Stat
ASAP
146
Pc
After meals
147
BID
Twice a day
148
Ac
Before meals
149
Po
By mouth
150
QID
4 times a day
151
Hs
Hour of sleep
152
TID
3 times a day
153
QIH
Every hour
154
Sc
Subcutaneous
155
IM
Intramuscular
156
IV
Intravenous
157
OD
Once a day
158
Primarily recognizes bacteria, viruses and toxins. It can also activate complements
IgG
159
Found in secretions of the body such as breast milk, sweat, tears, salvia and mucous. It prevents pathogens from entering the body
IgA
160
Very large immunoglobulin and primarily binds to antigens on food, bacteria or incompatible blood cells. It can also activate complements
IgM
161
Found wherever IgA is located. It is involved in triggering allergic reactions
IgE
