Governing Global Migration Flashcards

1
Q

First Period of International Migration in Modern History

A

1500-1800

  • world migration dominated by Europe
  • stems from colonization of the «New World»,
  • forced migration of African slaves to the new world : 12 M approxi
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2
Q

4th period of migration

A

1950-présent

  • Europeans = minor part of the flow.
  • Migration in Africa Asia Latin America grows steadily
  • New destinations in W Europe (Ger, Fr, It, Swi, Swed, Netherlands) Becomes an area of immigration (rather than emigration)
  • from mid 1970s labor migration to oil exporting countries (Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Nigeria, Venezuela)
  • mid 2000s global phenomenon
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3
Q

sources of migrants

A
depend on :
-geographically close
-former colonies
-imp trading partners
-political allies
Ex : USA - only 10% of immigrants from Europe
majority from Asia and Latin America
France - former colonies (Algeria Morocco Tunisia)
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4
Q

Eco foundations

A

-low wages / devt = not sufficient conditions
-effect of capital-intensive eco dev in poor countries (push factors) and a persistent demand for low-wage workers in developed nations (pull)
-émigration = greatest when push and pull factors coincide
Ex IR europe urban eco recession peasants drawn to opportunities in booming America
-tech improvements (reduce time and money to travel)
- modern means of com : awareness of opportunities abroad

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5
Q

social foundations

A
  • over time, Immigration becomes progressively independent of the eco conditions that originally caused it
  • migrant networks : increase the likelihood of migration, lower the costs of mvt
  • new migrants expand networks + reduce risk of mvt for those he is related
  • self-feeling growth of networks occurs through the progressive reduction of costs and risks -> immigration persists in spite of changes in eco conditions or implementation of restrictive immigration policies in destination countries
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6
Q

why phenomenon «immigration»

A
  • modern states / internat. syst have expropriated the legitimate «means of movement» and monopolised the authority to determine who may cross their borders (Torpey)
  • as a result, freedom 59 move across spaces is conditioned by state regulation in a manner previously unparallelled in human history
  • monopolisation of the legitimate means of movement by the state and state system : only after the creation of elaborate bureaucracies and technologies (end of 19th century)
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7
Q

thé STATE

A
  • «legal and pol organization, with the power to require obedience and loyalty from its citizens» (Seron-Watson)
  • states not only «penetrate» societies (taxation, conscription); in order to do this effectively, them must at the same time «embrace» their citizens more successfully over time
  • uniform dissemination of ID documents throughout whole societies. ex : passport
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8
Q

Sovereign states - principal actor in migration gov

4 essential aspects of state sovereignty - resp towards citizens

A
  • ensure external(national) secu
  • maintain internal order (public secu)
  • maintain social cohesion
  • enhance eco growth
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9
Q

in liberal democratic states, immigration tends to cause tensions between

A
  • the will of citizens (democracy) and the rights of migrants (liberalism)
  • eco imperative and social/security imperative of state managers
  • liberal paradox : to maintain competitive advantage, liberal states must open their economies / societies BUT movement of people = greater pol risks. Since end WWII, international eco forces push towards greater openness while political forces push states towards greater closure (Hollifield)
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10
Q

Key challenge for liberal dem states

A

how to maintain openness and at the same time protect the rights of citizens

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11
Q

Increase crimes committed by migrants in 2016 Germany

A

+52.7%

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12
Q

how many countries have built fences/ walls at their borders compared to Berlin Wall era

A

4 times as many

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13
Q

Liberal universalism

A
  • moral impartiality: foreigners equally deserve moral consideration
  • states : «cosmopolitan moral agents» - they should allow entry to as many migrants as they can absorb
  • open borders

RAWLS 🐯

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14
Q

Democratic communitarianism

A
  • states have a special obligation to privilege the needs of their members over strangers
  • states like clubs

WALZER 🥜

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15
Q

International Refugee Regime

A

1951 UN Convention Relating to the States of Refugees
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Intergovernmental agencies:

  • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
  • World Food programme
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

NGOs

  • OXFAM
  • CARE International
  • Doctor without borders
  • International Rescue Committee
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16
Q

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees - (Refugee Convention)

A

1951 - UN multilateral treaty

  • legally binding but no body to enforce compliance
  • States «expected to cooperate» w UNHCR in ensuring that the rights of refugees are respected and protected
17
Q

1) Unprecedented levels of contemporary migration

A
  • «age of migration» Castles and Miller
  • 1/35 ppl in the world = international migrant
  • wider than ever diversity of ethnic and cultural groups
  • rise of transnational communities and diasporas = remittances
18
Q

why remittances so effective

A
  • stable flows : one individual to another
  • not subject to the whims of donating govts (changing their mind)
  • not held hostage by onerous conditions imposed by lending institutions
  • not dependent on private investors
  • no costly and complicated govt bureaucracy involved
  • corrupt govt cannot get a hold of the money
  • no cost for an individual receiver
19
Q

2) international migration can no longer be controlled by national migration policies

A
  • 1/3 of the world’s irregular migrants -> developed eco
  • push factors : poverty and lack of devt, unemployment and underemployment (3 billion workers paid less than 2$ a day)
  • pull factories: abundance of «3D» jobs in high income eco
  • com revol = migrants more aware of opportunities
  • transportation revol = migration more feasible
  • emergence of new migration «businesses» labor recruiters, brokers, immigration lawyers, remittances agencies, smugglers
20
Q

3D jobs

A

dirty dangerous difficult

high income economies

21
Q

unintended consequences of restrictive immigration

A

irregular migration and human smuggling

22
Q

what is required to achieve national policy goals ?

A

better international cooperation

23
Q

3) growing nbs of vulnerable and exploited migrants

A

unauthorised migrants :

  • risk of exploitation
  • poor working conditions
  • high health-related risks
  • abuses (domestic workers)
  • forced debts, withheld payments, reduced wages, confiscated id documents

underdeveloped HR protection (compared to the int. refugee protection syst)

24
Q

4) global eco and climate change will increase the scale of internat. migration worldwide

A

STRUCTURAL FEATURES GLOBAL ECO:
- international migration will continue to grow in scale :
labor force in developed countries = 600M till 2050
labor force in developing countries = 3.6B 2040
-demand for labor will increase in the developed world
-need to effectively «match» supply/ demand in the global labor market

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

  • lack of evidence whether it will drive migration BUT contributing factor
  • environmental factors : do not recognised as caused of forced displacement
25
Q

5) Momentum on global governance of migration is developing :

A
  • Global Migration Group (GMG) 2006
    -> 14 UN Agencies + WB + IOM
    GOALS :
  • improve management of cross border migration
  • promote research on migration
  • develop internat. norms relating to migration