Governing Global Migration Flashcards
First Period of International Migration in Modern History
1500-1800
- world migration dominated by Europe
- stems from colonization of the «New World»,
- forced migration of African slaves to the new world : 12 M approxi
4th period of migration
1950-présent
- Europeans = minor part of the flow.
- Migration in Africa Asia Latin America grows steadily
- New destinations in W Europe (Ger, Fr, It, Swi, Swed, Netherlands) Becomes an area of immigration (rather than emigration)
- from mid 1970s labor migration to oil exporting countries (Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Nigeria, Venezuela)
- mid 2000s global phenomenon
sources of migrants
depend on : -geographically close -former colonies -imp trading partners -political allies Ex : USA - only 10% of immigrants from Europe majority from Asia and Latin America France - former colonies (Algeria Morocco Tunisia)
Eco foundations
-low wages / devt = not sufficient conditions
-effect of capital-intensive eco dev in poor countries (push factors) and a persistent demand for low-wage workers in developed nations (pull)
-émigration = greatest when push and pull factors coincide
Ex IR europe urban eco recession peasants drawn to opportunities in booming America
-tech improvements (reduce time and money to travel)
- modern means of com : awareness of opportunities abroad
social foundations
- over time, Immigration becomes progressively independent of the eco conditions that originally caused it
- migrant networks : increase the likelihood of migration, lower the costs of mvt
- new migrants expand networks + reduce risk of mvt for those he is related
- self-feeling growth of networks occurs through the progressive reduction of costs and risks -> immigration persists in spite of changes in eco conditions or implementation of restrictive immigration policies in destination countries
why phenomenon «immigration»
- modern states / internat. syst have expropriated the legitimate «means of movement» and monopolised the authority to determine who may cross their borders (Torpey)
- as a result, freedom 59 move across spaces is conditioned by state regulation in a manner previously unparallelled in human history
- monopolisation of the legitimate means of movement by the state and state system : only after the creation of elaborate bureaucracies and technologies (end of 19th century)
thé STATE
- «legal and pol organization, with the power to require obedience and loyalty from its citizens» (Seron-Watson)
- states not only «penetrate» societies (taxation, conscription); in order to do this effectively, them must at the same time «embrace» their citizens more successfully over time
- uniform dissemination of ID documents throughout whole societies. ex : passport
Sovereign states - principal actor in migration gov
4 essential aspects of state sovereignty - resp towards citizens
- ensure external(national) secu
- maintain internal order (public secu)
- maintain social cohesion
- enhance eco growth
in liberal democratic states, immigration tends to cause tensions between
- the will of citizens (democracy) and the rights of migrants (liberalism)
- eco imperative and social/security imperative of state managers
- liberal paradox : to maintain competitive advantage, liberal states must open their economies / societies BUT movement of people = greater pol risks. Since end WWII, international eco forces push towards greater openness while political forces push states towards greater closure (Hollifield)
Key challenge for liberal dem states
how to maintain openness and at the same time protect the rights of citizens
Increase crimes committed by migrants in 2016 Germany
+52.7%
how many countries have built fences/ walls at their borders compared to Berlin Wall era
4 times as many
Liberal universalism
- moral impartiality: foreigners equally deserve moral consideration
- states : «cosmopolitan moral agents» - they should allow entry to as many migrants as they can absorb
- open borders
RAWLS 🐯
Democratic communitarianism
- states have a special obligation to privilege the needs of their members over strangers
- states like clubs
WALZER 🥜
International Refugee Regime
1951 UN Convention Relating to the States of Refugees
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
Intergovernmental agencies:
- International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
- World Food programme
- United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
NGOs
- OXFAM
- CARE International
- Doctor without borders
- International Rescue Committee
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees - (Refugee Convention)
1951 - UN multilateral treaty
- legally binding but no body to enforce compliance
- States «expected to cooperate» w UNHCR in ensuring that the rights of refugees are respected and protected
1) Unprecedented levels of contemporary migration
- «age of migration» Castles and Miller
- 1/35 ppl in the world = international migrant
- wider than ever diversity of ethnic and cultural groups
- rise of transnational communities and diasporas = remittances
why remittances so effective
- stable flows : one individual to another
- not subject to the whims of donating govts (changing their mind)
- not held hostage by onerous conditions imposed by lending institutions
- not dependent on private investors
- no costly and complicated govt bureaucracy involved
- corrupt govt cannot get a hold of the money
- no cost for an individual receiver
2) international migration can no longer be controlled by national migration policies
- 1/3 of the world’s irregular migrants -> developed eco
- push factors : poverty and lack of devt, unemployment and underemployment (3 billion workers paid less than 2$ a day)
- pull factories: abundance of «3D» jobs in high income eco
- com revol = migrants more aware of opportunities
- transportation revol = migration more feasible
- emergence of new migration «businesses» labor recruiters, brokers, immigration lawyers, remittances agencies, smugglers
3D jobs
dirty dangerous difficult
high income economies
unintended consequences of restrictive immigration
irregular migration and human smuggling
what is required to achieve national policy goals ?
better international cooperation
3) growing nbs of vulnerable and exploited migrants
unauthorised migrants :
- risk of exploitation
- poor working conditions
- high health-related risks
- abuses (domestic workers)
- forced debts, withheld payments, reduced wages, confiscated id documents
underdeveloped HR protection (compared to the int. refugee protection syst)
4) global eco and climate change will increase the scale of internat. migration worldwide
STRUCTURAL FEATURES GLOBAL ECO:
- international migration will continue to grow in scale :
labor force in developed countries = 600M till 2050
labor force in developing countries = 3.6B 2040
-demand for labor will increase in the developed world
-need to effectively «match» supply/ demand in the global labor market
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
- lack of evidence whether it will drive migration BUT contributing factor
- environmental factors : do not recognised as caused of forced displacement
