Chapter 6 Global peace and human security Flashcards
Why do small states join IGOs
- to safeguard their national interests
1) protection key economic and security interests (voice at the table, alliances, gain reputation= soft power , minimize conflicts)
2) normative goals : to shape processes and ethical norms
3) domestic politics (self interest of pol leaders, provide justification for unpopular domestic policy)
managing the interstate system : the changing notions of sov and secu
1648 : state sovereignty (peace of westphalia)
1815-1870 : stable balance of pw through institutional coop (conf) between european pw = concert of europe
late 19-early 20c : inclusion of non western pw; legalistic approach to disputes = institutional innovations — hague conference
1920-1946 : league of nations, few powerful states are willing to surrender their sov (withdrawal of world pw japan germany italy ussr expelled)
postwar institutional devts and successes
1) establishment collective secu system codified in the UN (positions of privileged influ for leading pws, self reinforcing interdep, prevented war among great pws)
2) management of weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
- nuclear proliferation regime
- governing chemical and biological weapons with conventions
3) Regulation of small arms
- Mine Ban Treaty 1997 UN central role but no participation of major pws (US China Russia)
shifting principles
- laws of war = complemented by conventions on HR
- meaning of sovty = effective pw to rightful authority (fundamental dem values and hr standards)
- meaning of security (state secu to human secu) : institutionalized through the ICJ and international tribunals, primacy individual resp and creation of ICC 1998 (us china russia not members)
«responsibility to protect» R2P
- sovereignty entails responsibility
- internat. norm : global commitment to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity
- incorporated formally UN syst 2009 (GA resolution)
- invoked by secu council 2011
why is this paradigmatic shift : why the subordination of state sov to human secu concerns
because of the changing nature of conflict : interstate war to civil war and internationalised civil war
post 9-11 global security
- reshaped the sect of human secu based governance of global secu
- return to conventional terms of state centric secu
- us unilateralism = breach of international law
- us sécu agenda vs rule-based human rights (european powers)
world order today
sovereign state interests +
universal claims pertaining to HR + democratic values
embedded in institutional arrangements that facilitate international cooperation
gridlock
«a basket of trends that is today making international cooperation more difficult, even as deepening globalization and interdependence mean that we need global cooperation more than ever»
4 pathways to gridlock
1) entrenchment of dominant powers (UNSC, veto pw) institutional inertia
2) emerging multi polarity (more diverse array of interests with BRICS)
3) harder problems which challenge gov structures (terrorism, piracy, cyber insecu, pandemics, failed states) transborder issues
4) coordination failures resulting from fragmentation (international division of labour, different org spe in different secu concerns = weak coordination»
emergence of human secu paradigm
- realities of secu on the ground far more complex
- subordinating state secu into individual secu yet to be fulfilled
- mechanisms of secu enforcement = state interests prevail
paradox get ability postwar settlement
growth of gov mechanisms that made it possible has created conditions that undermine its own success
