Gothic and Northern European Art

Question 1

ground zero of Gothic Art

Answer 1

Isle de France

Question 2

Abbot Suger

Answer 2

guy who invented Gothic architecture

Question 3

Saint Denis

Answer 3

first building to make use of Gothic architecture

back end of Catholic church

Question 4

6 characteristics of Gothic cathedrals (and contrasting characteristics of Romanesque cathedrals)

Answer 4

extravagant exterior design (plain exterior design)

pointed arches (round arches)

heavy fenestration (small windows)

flying buttresses (engaged buttresses)

thin walls (thick walls)

complex vaults (ribbed vaults)

Question 5

Answer 5

known as Notre Dame de Paris or Notre Dame of Paris

from Gothic era

one of largest buildings at time of construction

intended to allow all of Paris to attend mass at once

has 3 portals

Question 6

nave

Answer 6

main central aisle in Gothic cathedral

Question 7

apse

Answer 7

hemispherical end of nave in Gothic cathedral

Question 8

transept

Answer 8

aisle that crosses nave at right angle in Gothic cathedral

Question 9

Answer 9

known as Chartres Cathedral or Notre Dame de Chartes

from Gothic era

big cathedral in little town

started out as Romanesque style (finished as Gothic style)

has labrynth inside for meditative pilgrimage (not for keeping minotaurs)

Question 10

Answer 10

known as Strasbourg Cathedral

from Gothic era

locaterd in modern-day France

super complex version of Gothic style

you can get a hotel room for $50/night and not be in Erie

Question 11

Answer 11

known as Salisbury Cathedral

from Gothic era

located in England

Borowicz visited because he speaks English

has a lot of horizontal lines (looks wider

Question 12

Answer 12

known as Florence Cathedral

from Gothic era

located in Italy

dome was added on later

started as Romanesque building (became more Gothic over time through renovations)

Giotto was architect of bell tower

has mostly engaged buttresses

Question 13

Answer 13

known as Milan Cathedral

from Gothic era

largest cathedral built during Gothic era

exterior is covered with 2,300 life-size saint statues

Question 14

Answer 14

known as Ca’ d’Oro

from Gothic era

name means “house of gold” (Italian)

located in Venice

Question 15

Answer 15

known as Palace of the Doge

from Gothic era

located in Saint Mark’s Square in Venice

culture contact with Islamic world (ceramic tiles and pointed arches)

connected to New Prison through Bridge of Sighs

Question 16

Answer 16

known as Palazzo Decchio

from Gothic era

Borowicz says it looks like an ugly little castle from Middle Ages because it is

name translates to “old palace” (Italian)

administrative center of Florence

used as fortress to protect Florence’s rulers from public

Question 17

façade

Answer 17

false front exterior wall of Gothic cathedral that is not load-bearing

covered with sculptural elements

Question 18

portal

Answer 18

door of cathedral that comes in sets of 3

Question 19

jamb

Answer 19

space between doors

usually contains sculpture

Question 20

tympanum

Answer 20

semi-circular area above doors

usually contains sculpture

Question 21

church furniture

Answer 21

any sculpted and functional element in cathedral

Question 22

Answer 22

known as Portals of Chartes Cathedral

from Gothic era

shows entire history of Gothic sculpture

Borowicz says it’s “kind of sucky”

Question 23

Answer 23

known as Moses Well or Well of Moses

made by Claus Sluter

located in mental hospital in Dijon in France

peak of Northern European sculpture

considered Sluter’s best sculpture

polychromatic (painted)

Question 24

gisant

Answer 24

life-size sculpture of dead person placed on top of their sarcophagus

sometimes depicts rotting organs

Question 25

Answer 25

**known as *Ekkehard and Uta*** **from Gothic era** Ekkehard looks like a bit of a chubster Uta looks cold Borowicz likes that it is relatable

Question 26

Answer 26

**known as *Tres Riches Hueres du Duc de Berry* or** ***Book of Hours*** **made by Limbourg Brothers** name translates to "very rich hours of the Duke of Berry" (French) shows scene of early February placed in prayer book

Question 27

Copernicus

Answer 27

guy who discovered that earth revolves around the sun

Question 28

Martin Luther

Answer 28

priest who started Protestant Reformation

Question 29

oil paint

Answer 29

pigment mixed with linseed oil brightly and intensely colored dries slowly (allows artist to blend colors) flexible after drying (allows canvas to be rolled up and transported)

Question 30

Answer 30

**known as *Mérode Altarpiece*** **made by Robert Campin** paintings of God were allowed for teaching purposes Mary got breathed on mousetrap is symbolic of Jesus

Question 31

Answer 31

**known as *Descent from the Cross*** **made by Rogier Van Der Weyden** altarpiece uses colors to direct eyes

Question 32

color which Mary wears in art (and why)

Answer 32

blue (symbolizes faithfulness)

Question 33

color which Mary Magdeline wears in art

Answer 33

red (symbolizes sin)

Question 34

color which John wears in art

Answer 34

red (symbolizes devout faith)

Question 35

altarpiece

Answer 35

painting placed on or behind altar in church

Question 36

triptych altarpiece

Answer 36

altarpiece with 3 panels

Question 37

polyptych altarpiece

Answer 37

altarpiece with multiple panels

Question 38

Answer 38

**known as *Portinari Altarpiece*** **made by Hugo Van Der Goes** Portinari was a merchant wheat symbolizes bread of life Bethlehem symbolizes house of wheat

Question 39

Answer 39

**known as *Garden of the Lights* or *Garden of Earthly Delights*** **made by Hieronymus Bosch** Borowicz says it's better than whatever we do on the weekends lots of butt stuff panels show order of events from beginning to end red fruit is reference to sexuality bought by king of Spain

Question 40

Answer 40

**known as *The Cure of Folly*** **made by Hieronymus Bosch** "Lubbot Dos" is stupid person depicts doctor removing stone from man's head stone is symbolic of stupidity

Question 41

Answer 41

**known as *Madonna and Chancellor Rolin*** **made by Jan Van Eyck** about 3.5' to 4' tall incredibly detailed Borowicz says you can't laugh at little 50-year old baby Jesus (that's your savior)

Question 42

Answer 42

**known as *Ghent Altarpiece* or *Adoration of the Lamb*** **made by Jan van Eyck** Borowicz spent 8 hours per day for 3 days just staring at it (had to sneak Snickers bars in for lunch and dinner) 12 panels on front 8 panels on back depicts biblical figures and leaders of Catholic Church stolen twice dissembled and sold separately and then brought back together

Question 43

Answer 43

**known as *Arnolfini Wedding Portrait*** **made by Jan van Eyck** believed to be used as proof of marriage (disproven) commemorative portrait singular candle in chandelier symbolizes of Jesus entire painting can be seen in reverse through mirror (including viewer and van Eyck) fruit near window symbolizes fertility

Question 44

Answer 44

**known as *Temptation of Saint Anthony*** **made by Martin Schongauer** subject liked by Northern Europeans for showing weird monster creatures 1 of 1^st great printmakings man in left corner suffers from Saint Anthony's fire

Question 45

Answer 45

**known as *Isenheim Altarpiece*** **made by Matthias Grünewald** from German Renaissance larger than life-size highly accurate account of events lamb is bleeding into holy grail

Question 46

Answer 46

**known as *Sir Thomas More*** **made by Hans Holbein** depicts deputy to King George VIII

Question 47

Answer 47

**known as *The Meat Stall* or *A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms*** **made by Pieter Aertsen** cow head used for making head cheese

Question 48

Answer 48

**known as *Fall of Icarus*** **made by Pieter Bruegel** genre

Question 49

genre

Answer 49

painting of everyday people doing everyday people things

Question 50

atmospheric perspective

Answer 50

art tool used to create illusion of 3-dimensional space on 2-dimensional surface used in images of outdoors

Question 51

Answer 51

**known as *Hunters in the Snow*** **made by Pieter Bruegel** example of genre example of atmospheric perspective has bad composition (all important stuff is on one side) eyes are led across canvas by birds and direction of people

Question 52

Answer 52

**known as *Fall of the Rebel Angels*** **made by Pieter Bruegel** composition is almost impossible to figure out (horror vacuii)

Question 53

Answer 53

**known as *Triumph of Death*** **made by Pieter Bruegel** post-plague painting

Question 54

Answer 54

**known as *Four Horsemen of the*** ***Apocalypse*** **made by Albrecht Dürer** horseman with arrow is symbolic of bubonic plague open mouth on monster is symbolic of Mouth of Hell example of extremely high-quality woodcut (almost as good as engraving by using many thin lines to make gray) based on Book of Revelation

Question 55

printmaking

Answer 55

method for artists to make many copies of single original

Question 56

types of printmaking in Renaissance

Answer 56

woodcut engraving

Question 57

woodcut

Answer 57

printmaking technique made by carving image into block of wood hard to depict gray not extremely precise

Question 58

engraving

Answer 58

printmaking technique made by incising design onto a hard and flat surface by cutting grooves into it better than woodcut

Question 59

effects of printmaking on society

Answer 59

allowed artists to make equivalent or more money by selling more copies for lower prices allowed regular people to afford artwork

Question 60

Answer 60

**known as *Melencolia I*** **made by Albrecht Dürer** depicts references to mathematics

Question 61

Answer 61

**known as *Judgment of Paris*** **made by Lucas Cranach** depicts Greek and Roman mythology anatomical nightmare

Question 62

Albrecht Dürer

Answer 62

basically Da Vinci of Northern Europe

Question 63

Answer 63

**known as *Knight, Death, and the Devil*** **made by Albrecht Dürer** goat-head monster is symbolic of death dog is symbolic of faithfulness conveys that time takes everyone to death

Question 64

Jan van Eyck

Answer 64

Flemish painter from Bruges 1 of best oil painters painted with incredible detail Borowicz's favorite artist

Question 65

Johannes Gutenberg

Answer 65

inventor of printing press

Question 66

effect of printing press on Renaissance

Answer 66

increased literacy rate of Europe to 17% for both men and women allowed ideas (particularly Greek literature) to spread much faster

Question 67

first thing ever printed using printing press

Answer 67

Gutenberg Bible

Question 68

event which marked beginning of Protestant Reformation

Answer 68

nailing of 95 theses on the door of Church of Wittenburg by Martin Luther

Question 69

Martin Luther

Answer 69

Catholic priest who started Protestant Reformation in Germany fought against indulgences within Catholic Church

Question 70

spread of Protestant Reformation

Answer 70

spread throughout all northern European countries (not adjacent to Mediterranean Sea) except Belgium and part of Ireland

Question 71

effects of rise of capitalism in Renaissance

Answer 71

creation of a large middle class

Question 72

effects on Italian Renaissance

Answer 72

invention of printing press (1439) Protestant Reformation (1517) rise of capitalism

Question 73

Answer 73

**known as *Luther's Portrait*** **made by Lucas Cranach** example of fundamentalist painting portrays Martin Luther as big fat fatty

Question 74

Answer 74

**known as *Judith and Holofernes*** **made by Lucas Cranach** depicts Judith killed by Holofernes empowering for women

Question 75

Hans Holbein

Answer 75

German painter and printmaker greatest portrait-maker of Northern Renaissance had a bad haircut

Question 76

Answer 76

**known as *Erasmus* or *Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam*** **made by Hans Holbein** portrait of Catholic priest

Question 77

Erasmus of Rotterdam

Answer 77

Catholic priest in Northern Renaissance reformer from within (not excommunicated from Catholic Church) wrote satirical book which made fun of pope