GN 3.1.2 Flashcards
Why did the clinical trial of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) that included estrogen and progestin get stopped early?
Patients in the estrogen plus progestin group started showing increased invasive breast cancer risk as compared to the placebo group.
If a cancer has an M score of 1, what is it’s correlated stage?
M1 is always stage IV
What is ILC? What is the percentage of breast cancers that are ILC?
Invasive lobular carcinoma, 7%
Why is 3D mammogram preferred over 2D mammograms? Why do patients still chose 2D mammograms at times?
3D mammogram is more sensitive. Patients sometimes choose 2D because insurance doesn’t cover the extra charge at this point, but there is a big push for insurance companies to begin including 3D mammogram coverage.
What percentage of breast cancer is sporadic? Of the hereditary BC, 25% is due to high penetrance genes. Give an example of high penetrance genes.
90% of BC is sporadic. High penetrance gene - BRCA1/2
What are the three categories of TNM staging?
Primary Tumor, Regional lymph nodes, Distant metastasis (M)
Describe how hormonal exposure relates to breast cancer risk.
Increased hormonal exposure leads to an increased breast cancer risk (sex, age, family history, inherited genetic susceptiblility, early menstruation and late menopause, nulliparity, combination hormonal therapy) Decreased hormonal exposure leads to decreased breast cancer risk (early pregnancy, breast feeding, exercise, estrogen use by women with prior hysterectomy)
If a patient has a high RS score on there Oncotype Dx profile, how is the prognosis affected?
Worse prognosis/outcome….. Hey Miles, need a little help? RS stands for Recurrence Score. If you need more help than that, you should just plan on remediated GenNeo this summer.
Triple negative cancer cells have what cellular morphology common to the breast?
Basal
What is the cancer staging system that puts cancers into stages depending on their TNM stage?
AJCC
How do Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) differ in their detection of Her2 overexpression?
IHC: looking at protein expression, the receptor itself FISH: fluorescently marks genomic amplification Look at image
How does mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 affect the risk of developing breast cancer by age 70?
With normal BRCA, the risk is 12%. With mutated BRCA2, the risk jumps to 45%. With mutated BRCA1, the risk is 55%-65%. (Note: BRCA1 mutation leads to a higher risk of breast and ovarian cancer)
What is the primary source of hormonal production for postmenopausal women?
Fatty tissue; obesity is becoming an increased risk factor of developing breast cancer.
What is DCIS and its relationship to IDC?
DCIS (ductal carcinoma of in situ) is the most-detected lesion by mammography. It is a malignancy that is contained with the duct. Despite lumpectomy, 30% will recur as IDC. 50% of women w/ DCIS will never progress to IDC.
Why do basal breast cancers have poorer outcomes than luminal A and luminal B breast cancers?
Luminal A and B have hormonal therapy targets whereas basal types lack hormonal targets
