Glycolysis

Question 1

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 1

in the cytosol

Question 2

How is glucose transported?

Answer 2

through GLUTs

Question 3

How is NADH converted back to NAD+ under anaerobic conditions?

Answer 3

Reduction of pyruvate to lactic acid

Fermentation

Question 4

What coenzyme catalyzed the reduction of pyruvate to lactate?

Answer 4

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 5

Describe the Cori cycle.

Answer 5

• Lactate is exported to liver via blood
• Liver converts lactate to glucose through gluconeogenesis
• Liver exports glucose back to muscles and, after glycolysis, the cycle continues

Question 6

Describe the process of fermentation.

Answer 6

Pyruvate ➡ acetaldehyde  
- Pyruvate decarboxylase: coenzyme 
- CO2 released
Acetaldehyde ➡ ethanol 
- Alcohol dehydrogenase: coenzyme 
- NADH + H+ oxidized to NAD+: cofactor

Question 7

Describe the Malate - Aspartate shuttle.

Answer 7

Used in the liver, kidney, and heart
In the intermembrane space, oxaloacetate is converted to malate with the NADH cofactor and malate dehydrogenase. Malate then crosses into the matrix and the reverse reaction happens. as malate is converted back to oxaloactate using NAD+ cofactor. Oxaloactate is then converted the Aspartate where it can cross back into the intermembrane space and convert back to oxaloactate to repeat the cycle

Question 8

Describe the Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle.

Answer 8

Reducing equivalents from cytosolic NADH are passed onto FADH2 and are directly delivered to the coenzyme Q of the ETC *draw

Question 9

Describe the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Answer 9

Link between glycolysis and C.A.C.
Converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA
Pyruvate + CoASH = Acetyl CoA + CO2
Uses 5 coenzyme: NAD+, FAD, CoA, TPP, and lipoate

Question 10

What are each of the 10 steps called of glycolysis called?

Answer 10

1. Phosphorylation of Glucose
2. Phosphohexose isomerization
3. Second Phosphorylation
4. Six-carbon fructose split into 3-carbon units
5. Interconversion of the triose phosphates
6. Glyceraldhyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction
7. 1st substrate level phosphorylation
8. conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
9. Dehydration of 2 phosphoglycerate
10. 2nd substrate level phosphorylation