glycolysis

Question 1

overall equation of glycolysis

Answer 1

glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+ –> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ +2H2O

Question 2

free energy released

Answer 2

197jk/mol

Question 3

NAD is

Answer 3

used

Question 4

ATP is

Answer 4

produced

Question 5

ATP is the currency of…

Answer 5

free energy in biological system

Question 6

primary cellular energy carrier through the triphosphate group

Answer 6

ATP

Question 7

ATP is used in processes such as..

Answer 7

anabolism/biosynthesis mechanical work/movement active molecular transport

Question 8

hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 8

liberates energy (an immediate donor)

Question 9

entropy change during hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 9

-7.3 kcal mol-1

Question 10

2 types of metabolism

Answer 10

anabolic reactions catabolic reactions

Question 11

anabolic

Answer 11

• biosynthetic and receptive provides: -an energy source -reducing equivalents- source of H+ ions (NADH) -precursor molecules-building blocks

Question 12

anabolic simple

Answer 12

building up

Question 13

catabolic

Answer 13

degradative and oxidative provides: -energy -reducing equivalents -precursors

Question 14

energy balance

Answer 14

for a healthy balance: diet/ anabolic pathways must be balanced with catabolic pathways

Question 15

what lead to metabolic diseases such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes

Answer 15

an energy imbalance -when more anabolic pathways are occurring than catabolic

Question 16

energy balance is regulated by

Answer 16

1.diet 2.exercise

Question 17

how many people are obese in the UK

Answer 17

two in every thee people are overweight or obese -61.9% of women -65.7% of men

Question 18

obesity predisposes

Answer 18

to diabetes Type 2- through regulatory substances produced by adipose tissue that cause insulin resistance

Question 19

major components of western diet

Answer 19

-carbs -lipids -protein

Question 20

fate of each dietary component

Answer 20

-0xidation for energy (catabolism) -storage (until required), then release -conversion- into something more useful

Question 21

why is catabolism of glucose so important

Answer 21

glucose accounts for more than 80% of dietary carbohydrate catabolism

Question 22

lactose

Answer 22

galactose and glucose

Question 23

sucrose

Answer 23

fructose and glucose

Question 24

aerobic glucose metabolism

Answer 24

pic

Question 25

anaerobic glucose metabolism

Answer 25

pic

Question 26

anaerobic glucose metabolism in yeast cells

Answer 26

pic

Question 27

glycolysis provides

Answer 27

provides rapid energy source for short, intense bouts of exercise e.g. sprinting etc

Question 28

do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have glycolysis

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

glycolysis is

Answer 29

substrate level phosphorylation

Question 30

how much net ATP is produced

Answer 30

2

Question 31

how many are overall involved

Answer 31

4

Question 32

3 states of glycolysis

Answer 32

stage1- investment stage stage2- investment stage continued stage3- energy generation stage

Question 33

stage 1- investment stage

Answer 33

energy is consumed to convert glucose to two three carbon sugar phosphates (isomers)

Question 34

stage 2-investment stage continued

Answer 34

oxidation of glyeraldehyde 3 phosphate

Question 35

stage 3- energy generation stage

Answer 35

each reaction in this phase occurs twice. Steps result in the transfer of phosphate groups to ADP and the reduction of NAD+ -ATP and NADH produced

Question 36

key reactions of glycolysis

Answer 36

1. glucose + ATP --\> Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP 2. fructose -6-phosphate + ATP --\> fructose 1,6BP + ADP 3. G-3-P +NAD+ + Pi --\> 1,3bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+

Question 37

which reactions in glycolysis generate ATP

Answer 37

1. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate --\> 3- phosphoglycerate 2. phosphoenolpyruvate --\> pyruvate

Question 38

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate --\> 3- phosphoglycerate

Answer 38

generates ATP

Question 39

phosphoenolpyruvate --\> pyruvate

Answer 39

generates ATP

Question 40

glucose + ATP --\> Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP

Answer 40

-catalysed by hexokinase -traps glucose -uses ATP -irreversible reaction

Question 41

fructose -6-phosphate + ATP --\> fructose 1,6BP + ADP

Answer 41

catalysed by phosphofructokinase -irreversible reaction -uses ATP -rate-limiting control point

Question 42

G-3-P +NAD+ + Pi --\> 1,3bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+

Answer 42

-catalysed by G-3-P dehydrogenase -reversible reaction -oxidation redcution, NAD+ reduced to NADH

Question 43

G-3-P +NAD+ + Pi --\> 1,3bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+

Answer 43

-catalysed by G-3-P dehydrogenase -reversible reaction -oxidation redcution, NAD+ reduced to NADH

Question 44

how is ADP regenerated

Answer 44

due to the numerous reaction which utilise ATP ATP+ H2O --\> ADP + pi

Question 45

NAD+ is regenerated via either-

Answer 45

1. lactose dehydrogenase (anaerobic) 2. oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic)

Question 46

how is metabolism controlled

Answer 46

enzymes

Question 47

which enzymes are controlled

Answer 47

-irreversible enzymes -enzymes at the start of a pathway or branch point -rate limiting enzymes e.g. phosphofructokinase

Question 48

rate limiting enzyme

Answer 48

phosphofructokinase

Question 49

how are enzymes controlled

Answer 49

-by altering levels of synthesis of key enzymes (slow) -by altering activity of key enzymes (fast)

Question 50

by altering levels of synthesis of key enzymes

Answer 50

slow

Question 51

by altering activity of key enzymes

Answer 51

fast

Question 52

by altering activity of key enzymes

Answer 52

fast

Question 53

summary

Answer 53

glycolysis breaks down glucose to pyruvate in a there stage process and 2 pyruvate molecules are produced as well as 2ATP and 2NADH