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Biochemistry > glycolysis > Flashcards

glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

overall equation of glycolysis

A

glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+ –> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ +2H2O

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2
Q

free energy released

A

197jk/mol

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3
Q

NAD is

A

used

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4
Q

ATP is

A

produced

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5
Q

ATP is the currency of…

A

free energy in biological system

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6
Q

primary cellular energy carrier through the triphosphate group

A

ATP

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7
Q

ATP is used in processes such as..

A

anabolism/biosynthesis mechanical work/movement active molecular transport

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8
Q

hydrolysis of ATP

A

liberates energy (an immediate donor)

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9
Q

entropy change during hydrolysis of ATP

A

-7.3 kcal mol-1

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10
Q

2 types of metabolism

A

anabolic reactions catabolic reactions

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11
Q

anabolic

A
  • biosynthetic and receptive provides: -an energy source -reducing equivalents- source of H+ ions (NADH) -precursor molecules-building blocks
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12
Q

anabolic simple

A

building up

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13
Q

catabolic

A

degradative and oxidative provides: -energy -reducing equivalents -precursors

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14
Q

energy balance

A

for a healthy balance: diet/ anabolic pathways must be balanced with catabolic pathways

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15
Q

what lead to metabolic diseases such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes

A

an energy imbalance -when more anabolic pathways are occurring than catabolic

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16
Q

energy balance is regulated by

A

1.diet 2.exercise

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17
Q

how many people are obese in the UK

A

two in every thee people are overweight or obese -61.9% of women -65.7% of men

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18
Q

obesity predisposes

A

to diabetes Type 2- through regulatory substances produced by adipose tissue that cause insulin resistance

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19
Q

major components of western diet

A

-carbs -lipids -protein

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20
Q

fate of each dietary component

A

-0xidation for energy (catabolism) -storage (until required), then release -conversion- into something more useful

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21
Q

why is catabolism of glucose so important

A

glucose accounts for more than 80% of dietary carbohydrate catabolism

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22
Q

lactose

A

galactose and glucose

23
Q

sucrose

A

fructose and glucose

24
Q

aerobic glucose metabolism

A

pic

25
Q

anaerobic glucose metabolism

A

pic

26
Q

anaerobic glucose metabolism in yeast cells

A

pic

27
Q

glycolysis provides

A

provides rapid energy source for short, intense bouts of exercise e.g. sprinting etc

28
Q

do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have glycolysis

A

yes

29
Q

glycolysis is

A

substrate level phosphorylation

30
Q

how much net ATP is produced

A

2

31
Q

how many are overall involved

A

4

32
Q

3 states of glycolysis

A

stage1- investment stage stage2- investment stage continued stage3- energy generation stage

33
Q

stage 1- investment stage

A

energy is consumed to convert glucose to two three carbon sugar phosphates (isomers)

34
Q

stage 2-investment stage continued

A

oxidation of glyeraldehyde 3 phosphate

35
Q

stage 3- energy generation stage

A

each reaction in this phase occurs twice. Steps result in the transfer of phosphate groups to ADP and the reduction of NAD+ -ATP and NADH produced

36
Q

key reactions of glycolysis

A
  1. glucose + ATP –> Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP 2. fructose -6-phosphate + ATP –> fructose 1,6BP + ADP 3. G-3-P +NAD+ + Pi –> 1,3bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+
37
Q

which reactions in glycolysis generate ATP

A
  1. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate –> 3- phosphoglycerate 2. phosphoenolpyruvate –> pyruvate
38
Q

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate –> 3- phosphoglycerate

A

generates ATP

39
Q

phosphoenolpyruvate –> pyruvate

A

generates ATP

40
Q

glucose + ATP –> Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP

A

-catalysed by hexokinase -traps glucose -uses ATP -irreversible reaction

41
Q

fructose -6-phosphate + ATP –> fructose 1,6BP + ADP

A

catalysed by phosphofructokinase -irreversible reaction -uses ATP -rate-limiting control point

42
Q

G-3-P +NAD+ + Pi –> 1,3bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+

A

-catalysed by G-3-P dehydrogenase -reversible reaction -oxidation redcution, NAD+ reduced to NADH

43
Q

G-3-P +NAD+ + Pi –> 1,3bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+

A

-catalysed by G-3-P dehydrogenase -reversible reaction -oxidation redcution, NAD+ reduced to NADH

44
Q

how is ADP regenerated

A

due to the numerous reaction which utilise ATP ATP+ H2O –> ADP + pi

45
Q

NAD+ is regenerated via either-

A
  1. lactose dehydrogenase (anaerobic) 2. oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic)
46
Q

how is metabolism controlled

A

enzymes

47
Q

which enzymes are controlled

A

-irreversible enzymes -enzymes at the start of a pathway or branch point -rate limiting enzymes e.g. phosphofructokinase

48
Q

rate limiting enzyme

A

phosphofructokinase

49
Q

how are enzymes controlled

A

-by altering levels of synthesis of key enzymes (slow) -by altering activity of key enzymes (fast)

50
Q

by altering levels of synthesis of key enzymes

A

slow

51
Q

by altering activity of key enzymes

A

fast

52
Q

by altering activity of key enzymes

A

fast

53
Q

summary

A

glycolysis breaks down glucose to pyruvate in a there stage process and 2 pyruvate molecules are produced as well as 2ATP and 2NADH

Biochemistry (18 decks)

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