enzyme kinetics

Question 1

thermodynamics asks

Answer 1

does a reaction proceed and therefore how far does it proceed

Question 2

kinetics asks

Answer 2

how fast does this reaction proceed

Question 3

why is the rate of biological reaction important

Answer 3

most cellular chemicals are thermodynamically unstable, but rely on the rate of their breakdown being too slow to matter

Question 4

difference between being thermodynamically unstable and being kinetically stable

Answer 4

thermodynamically unstable is when energy level of products is lower than that of reactants. kinetically stable is when reaction has high Ea due to some strong bonds like N=-N,

Question 5

what are some diseases caused by

Answer 5

imbalances in the rates at which reactions are taking plae

Question 6

activation energy

Answer 6

the energy that a molecule requires to overcome the transition state free energy bar e.g. a high percentage of the molecules must have activation energy (maxwell boltzmann)

Question 7

if delta G is smaller than 0 for a spontaneous reaction, how is it possible to reach a transition state which is a higher value of G?

Answer 7

we need to consider individual molecule properties, rather than bulk properties

Question 8

what does activation energy look like on a graph?

Answer 8

deltaG with a plus sign

Question 9

what is the transition state

Answer 9

there are a series of stages between the starting point and end point of a reaction–> these stages are usually less stable than the starting or ending point. THE LEAST STABLE POINT IS CALLED THE TRANSITION STATE transition state is the state corresponding to the highest energy along the reaction coordinate. It has more free energy in comparison to the substrate or product; thus, it is the least stable state

Question 10

what does the transition state symbol look like?

Answer 10

X with a line that has two horizontal crosses on it

Question 11

exergonic reaction

Answer 11

reactions that take place spontaneously and have a negative free energy (products will be of lower free energy than the substrates

Question 12

endergonic reactions

Answer 12

where an input of free energy us required to drive reaction

Question 13

reaction co-ordinate graph

Answer 13

-free energy (G) on Y axis -reaction progress one the the x axis

Question 14

G tells us nothing about…

Answer 14

the rate of reaction- just about how likely it is to occur

Question 15

how to speed up a chemical reaction

Answer 15

-increase temp -increase pressure -change pH -change pre-exponential factor

Question 16

pre-exponential factor

Answer 16

the frequency of collision of molecules and their orientation

Question 17

speeding up chemical reactions in biology

Answer 17

not as some since cells have to work at pH 7 and at around 310K and at room pressure-_> therefore there is a need to lower the transition state energy… THIS IS WHERE ENZYMES COME IN HANDY

Question 18

who is the arrhenius equation different to the rate equation

Answer 18

the rate equation only shows how changing the concentration of reactants affects the rate; however the arrhenius equation also takes into consideration change in temp and catalysts

Question 19

arrhenius equation

Answer 19

k= gas constant T =absolute temp (K) A- pre-exponential factorma constanter each chemical reaction that defines the rate due to frequency of collisions in the correct orientation deltaG(line with two horizontal crosses= activation energy R= universal gas constant