enzymes and co-enzymes and their mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

importance of enzymes

A
  • natures catalyst and carry out all reactions of a cell
  • many inherited diseases are caused by mutations in key enzymes
  • -used commercially in food products and detergents
  • used in drug synthesis to produce single isomer drugs
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2
Q

what can be used to diagnose disease

A

measurement of certain enzymes in the blood

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3
Q

catalysts..

A

reduce activation energy–> however they do not change the energy of a reaction

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4
Q

catalysts cannot..

A

make a thermodynamically unstable reaction become favourable i.e. they do not change the position of the equilibrium by they do speed up how quickly the reaction reaches equilibrium

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5
Q

for a reaction to be favourable

A

the pro cuts must be of lower energy than the reactants

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6
Q

speed of a reaction is determined by

A

activation energy

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7
Q

role of enzymes as catalysts

A
  1. provide a specific environment for the substrate where the reaction is more favourable
  2. the pocket on the enzyme where this occurs is called the active site
  3. enzymes lowers the energy needed to carry out the reaction
  4. enzyme is not used up in this process
  5. accelerates the conversion of s–> p (also p–>s)
  6. ES and EP are reaction intermediates
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8
Q

breakdown of enzymes catalysing s–>p

A

E+S ES ES(Transition state)EPE+P

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9
Q

what is bad for catalysis

A

tight binding to either the substrate or product is bad for catalysis - it is the transition state that enzymes bind tightly to

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10
Q

what are enzymes pockets or active sister designed to complement

A

the reaction transition state

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11
Q

what forces stabilise ES, ES (TS) and EP complexes?

A

the same as those forces that stabilise proteins e.g. H bond Hydrophobic, ionic, van der waaal.

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12
Q

enzyme is complimentary to..

A

transition state

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13
Q

in some enzymes..

A

a transient covalent bond is formed during the reaction

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14
Q

the energy derived from complex format is..

A

binding energy

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15
Q

co -enzyme

A

non-protein organic molecules required for catalysis eg. biotin, NAD+, FAD

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16
Q

co-factors

A

inorganic substances that are required for catalysis e.g. metal ions

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17
Q

what is a combination protein and coenzyme/cofactor called

A

holoenzyme

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18
Q

holoenzyme

A

what is a combination protein and coenzyme/cofactor called

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19
Q

the protein alone without the co-enzyme/cofactor

A

apoenzyme

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20
Q

apoenzyme

A

the protein alone without the co-enzyme/cofactor

21
Q

who to coenzymes and cofactors help catalysis

A

they allows enzymes to access chemistries that are unavailable to amino acid side chains

22
Q

what can occur if there are deficiencies in certain co-enzymes

A

disease

23
Q

e.g. what co-enzymes and cofactors are deficient in megaloblastic aneomia

A

folic acid

24
Q

what co-enzymes and cofactors are deficient in Beriberi

A

thiamine deficiency

25
Q

what co-enzymes and cofactors are deficient in pellagra

A

nicotinamide deficiency/ nicotinic acid

26
Q

6 main enzyme groups

A
  1. oxidoreductase
  2. transferase
  3. hydrolase
  4. lyase
  5. isomerase
  6. ligase
27
Q

oxidoreductase

A

oxidation/redution reaction in which oxygen and hydrogen are gained or lost

28
Q

transferase

A

transfer of functional groups such as amin groups, acetyl groups or phosphate group

29
Q

hydrolase

A

hydrolysis

30
Q

lyase

A

removal of groups of atoms without hydrolysis

31
Q

isomerase

A

rearrangement of atoms within a molecule

32
Q

ligase

A

joining of two molecules- using the energy derived from the break down of ATP

33
Q

enzyme mechanism x3

A
  • general acid-base catalyst
  • metal ion catalysis
  • covalent catalysis
34
Q

general ace-base catalysts

A

enzymes stabilise unstable charged intermediates by transferring protons to and from the intermediate - therefore decreasing free energy of the transition state
e.g. amino acid side chains act as week proton donor and acceptors e.g. Gaul, lys (acids and bases)

35
Q

Metal ion catalysis

A

ionic interactions between the enzyme bund metal and substrate can:
1_ orient a substrate for reaction
2_ stables charged reaction states
3_ mediate oxidation- reduction reactions

1/3rd of all known enzymes require a metal for catalytic activity

36
Q

covalent catalysis

A

formation of transient covalent bods between enzymes and substrate- covalent complex undergoes a reaction to generate free enzymes.
- in comparison with the uncatalysed reaction, the formation of the covalent bond with the enzyme alter the pathway of the reaction and offers an alternative route to the same product that has a lower activation energy

37
Q

what are serine proteases

A

a large family of enzymes that include digestive enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin, and the blood clotting enzyme thrombin.

These are ENDOPROTEASES WHICH HYDROLYSE PEPTIDE BONDS (AMIDE)

38
Q

What catalytic triad to serine proteases have in their active sites

A

histidine, aspartate, serine

39
Q

examples of serine proteases

A
trypsin
chymotrypsin
thrombin (blood clotting)
40
Q

what sort of enzyme mechanisms to protease ue

A

a mixture of acid-base and covalent catalysis

-serine residue acts as a the nucleophile and is made more nucleophilic by histidine and aseptic acid

41
Q

6 steps of protease mechanism

A

1) ES complex (michaelis)
2) first TS- tetrahedral intermediate
3) acyl enzyme intermediate
4) acyl enzyme water complex
5) second TS- tetrahedral intermediate
6) free enzyme

42
Q

serine protease specificity

A

each enzyme has a different specificity pocket

43
Q

specificity of trypsin

A

cleaves after Arg and Lys residues and has an Asp residue at the bottom of the binding pocket

44
Q

specificity of chymotrypsin

A

cleaves after aromatic residues and has a neutral charged serine at the binding pocket

45
Q

specificity of elastase

A

cleaves small hydroponic residues eg. glycine, alanine and valine

46
Q

Metal ion catalysis

A

metal atoms are utilised by enzymes as co-factors.
-metals have the ability to lose electrons very easily.

Therefore this allows them to:

1) stabilise transient and intermediate structures in the AS
2) assist in forming strong nucleophile species
3) hold substrate in place

47
Q

covalent catalysis explained

A
  • many enzymes contain catalytic residues–> responsible for forming a temporary covalent bond with the substrate
  • this keeps the substrate molecule inside the AS
  • at the end of the reaction this covalent bond is broken to regenerate the free enzyme
48
Q

acid base catalysis

A
  • transfer of protons
  • there are specific residues in the active site which will be involved e.g. Histidine used t transfer protons

By transferring H+ ion:

1) activate strong nucleophile required in catalysis
2) stabilise charged groups
3) increase electric interaction that may stabilise the transition state