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MSK (nlg) > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

powerhouse of cell?

A

mitochondrial matrix –> where aerobic metabolism occurs

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2
Q

if you havent had breakfast, what do you use as energy source?

A

fatty acids (fat)

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3
Q

two dehydrogenating reagents

A

NAD/FAD

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4
Q

fatty acids undergo

A

beta oxidation (consisting of dehydrogenation rxns)

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5
Q

long fatty acid chain in oxidation..

A

go through cycle over and overuntil used up –> creates a pool of acetyl coa for tca cycle

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6
Q

c from acetyl coa in tca become….and c from oxaloacetate in tca become….

A

acetyl coa –> new oxaloacetate

oxaloacetate –> co2

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7
Q

oxygen comes from

A

water

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8
Q

in etc oxygen becomes

A

water

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9
Q

why cant nadh and oxygen react directly in etc ?

A

because of the activation energy barrier….there is no enzyme to allow direct e transfer

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10
Q

how do protons in etc get across lipid bilayer?

A

ATP synthase allows protons to move down their gradient –> as they travel down, conformational changes of the synthase resynthesizes ATP (this is ox. phosphorylation)

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11
Q

overall glycolytic path

A

d-glucose –> 10 steps catalyzed by 10 enzymes –> 2 pyruvate

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12
Q

anaerobic fate of pyruvate?

A

lactic acid

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13
Q

glycolysis is a net ____ rxn that takes place through ____ rxns

A

oxidation; dehydrogenation

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14
Q

rbc atp production?

A

rbc dont have mitochondria so glucose is converted to lactate –> atp from glycolysis is the only source of atp for those cells

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15
Q

glucose storage polymer

A

glycogen

fastest source of G6P when you need energy quick

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16
Q

atp yield from complete combustion of one glucose

A

30-32 atp

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17
Q

steady state ATP/ADP+AMP ratio

A

maintained far from equilibrium –> very exergonic!
ATP is way higher
equilibrium = death

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18
Q

what happens when ATP/Adp ratio hits equilibrium?

A

common cause of cell death is oxygen deprivation –>atp system goes to equilibrium –> cell cant maintain itself -> death cascade due to drop in atp

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19
Q

aerobic vs anaerobic glycolysis

A

a= glucose +2NAD,2ADP,2Pi–> 2 pyruvate + 2nadh,2atp

an=glucose+2adp,2pi –> 2 lactate +2atp

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20
Q

lactic acidosis

A

too much acid

blood pH goes down - disrupts homeostasis

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21
Q

acidosis in bad circulation vs anemia

A

bad cir =atp drops, cells use both a and an respiration to restore atp levels –> lactate
anemia= not enough rbc, tissues arent getting enough oxygen to run oxidative phosphorylation so lots of lactate

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22
Q

glucose vs fructose vs pyruvate structure

A

glucose is an aldose - carbonyl on C1
fructose is a ketose - carbonyl on C2
pyruvate is an alpha keto acid (carbonyl on alpha c)

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23
Q

kinase

A

adds a phosphate, favorable reaction, uses atp and makes adp

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24
Q

mutase

A

moves phosphate to another hydroxyl group

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25
Q

how many isomerase reactions in glycolysis?

A

2

26
Q

hydratase/dehydratase

A

add/remove water

27
Q

aldolase

A

c-c bond breaks between alpha and beta c; beta becomes carbonyl

28
Q

aldol condensation

A

form a c-c bond

29
Q

dehydrogenase

A

oxidation

30
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytosol

31
Q

intermediates and enzymes of glycolysis

A
  1. glucose-(hexokinase) - glusoce 6 phosphate
  2. G6P -(phosphoglucoisomeras) - fructose 6 phosphate
  3. fructose 6 phosphate -(phosphofructokinase 1) - fructose 1,6,bisphosphate
  4. fructose 1 6 bisphosphate -(fructo-bisphosphate aldolase) - glyceraldahye3phosphate
  5. dihydroxyacetone phosphate - (TPI) -glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate 6.glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase) - 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
  6. 1,3 bpg -(phosphoglycerate kinase pgk) - 3 phosphoglycerate
  7. 3pg - (phosphoglycerate mutase) - 2 phosphoglycerate
  8. 2 pg - (enolase) - phosphoenolpyruvate (pep)
  9. pep - (pyruvate kinase) - pyruvate
32
Q

which steps use ATP in glycolysis?

A

1 (hexokinase)
3 (phosphofructokinase)
both irreversible

33
Q

which steps in glycolysis make atp?

A

7 (phosphoglyccerate kinase)

10 (pyruvate kinase)

34
Q

after step 1 of glycolysis, can g6p do anything else?

A

yes, it can go through glycolysis, or glycogen synthesis, or pentose phosphate pathway

after step 1 is where glycogen can feed into glycolysis

35
Q

which gly step is the aldose-ketose isomerization?

A

step 2
g6p –>fructose 6 phosphate
uses phosphoglucoisomerase

36
Q

which step is the highly regulated commitment step? irreversible

A

fructose 6 phosphate –> fructose ,6bisphosphate

uses (pfk)phosphofructokinase and atp to adp

37
Q

g3p dehydrogenase

A

uses S as a good leaving group
nad –> nadh
aldehyde –>mixed acid anhydride
g3p –>glycerate bisphosphate

38
Q

which reaction in gly uses an irreversible tautomerization using atp?

A

10, pyruvate kinase forms pyruvate (keto)

39
Q

3 irreversible steps of glycolysis

A

1 (hexokinase), 3(pfk), 10(pyruvate kinase)

**must be bypassed in gluconeogenesis in liver

40
Q

NAD supply for glycolysis is replenished by…

A

glyceol 3P and malate/asparate shuttles

41
Q

nad supply for anaerobic glycolysis is replenished by…

A

lactate dehydrogenase

42
Q

3 cytosol-mito transporters that dont exist

A

oxaloacetate
nad(H)
acetyl coa

43
Q

2 shuttles for nad/nadh

A 
glycerol phosphate (most tissues)
malate aspartate (liver, kidney, heart)
44
Q

enzyme for g3p shuttle?

A

glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase

45
Q

net reaction for glycerol phosphate shuttle

A

nadh (cyt) + flavoprotein(ox) –> nad+ (cyt) + flavoprotein (red)

flavoprotein accept e

irrevesible

46
Q

which shuttle requires a transaminase rxn?

A

malate aspartate shuttle

47
Q

net reaction for malate aspartate shuttle

A

nadh (cyt) + nad+(mito) –> nad+ (cyt) + nadh (mito)

48
Q

how malate aspartate shuttle works?

A

nadh reduces oxaloacetate into malate and nad+ is regenerated

malate passes through imm via malate shuttle

malate reacts with nad inside to make nadh and oxaloacetate via malate dehydrogenase

e on nadh feed into etc, producing nad+

transaminase rxn takes oxaloacetate and glutamate to make alpaketoglutarate and aspartate
aspartate diffuses across imm into cytosol and a transaminase rxn happens in reverse to make oxaloacetate

net movement of e (reversible)

49
Q

anaerobic glycolysis

A

pyruvate + nadh –> lactate + NAD+
uses lactate dehydrogenase
reversible (direction depends on nadh/nad ratio)

50
Q

cells that produce lactate and cells that use lactate

A

rbc and working muscles produce it

liver uses it for gluconeogenesis and resting muscle and heart use it as fuel

51
Q

efficiency vs power

A

e=atp produced/amount of fuel consumed

p=atp produced/sec

52
Q

aerobic is more ____ but anaerobic is more____

A

efficient (15x more atp)

less efficient but potentially 30x faster

53
Q

if anaerobic is 30x faster, what is the drawback?

A

more atp/sec uusing glycogen BUT lactic acidosis creates acidic blood and muscles slow down

54
Q

physiological anaerobic threshold

A

lactate production by working muscle exceeds rate of utilization by other tissues

55
Q

aerobic pathway for lactate utilization

A

lactate –> pyruvate –>acetyl coa –> co2

56
Q

gluconeogenesis

where? how?

A

2 lactate enter liver

liver uses 6 atp in gluconeogenesis to produce 1 glucose

57
Q

cori cycle

A

glucose –>2 lactate and 2 atp (RBC)

2 lactate +6 atp–> glucose (liver)

quickly more atp is being used than produced

58
Q

alanine can be made from

A

pyruvate

59
Q

serine can be made from

A

3phosphoglycerate

60
Q

acetyl coa can make…

A

fatty acids –> triglycerides

MSK (nlg) (10 decks)

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