bioenergetics Flashcards
what is blocked blood flow called?
ischemia
tissue death
infarction
after prolonged ischemia, why does heart tissue experience necrosis?
decreased ATP level due to oxygen deprivation
products of combustion
carbon dioxide and water
what does combustion of macronutrients produce?
ATP
macronutrients are oxidized to produce….
ATP, CO2, and heat
catabolism vs anabolism
- -Catabolism - energy yielding; macronutrients are combusted/oxidized by NAD+/FAD (NAD/FAD are reduced to NADH/FADH2)
- -Anabolism - energy requiring; biosynthesis and work, ATP is reduced to ADP/Pi
what process converts reduced form of e carriers back to their oxidized form via Oxygen –> water
oxidative phosphorylation
in oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen is _____ and ADP/NADH are _____
oxygen is reduced to water
e carriers are oxidized
ATP stores energy in its…
high energy phosphate bonds (unstable)
how is energy released from high energy phosphate bonds in ATP?
hydrolysis of gamma phosphate (the third P group)
this is favorable since both the products are negatively charged (Pi and ADP) and resonance is increased
most reactive derivatives?
thioester and anhydrides
because they are less stable
what is powering rxn 1 of glycolysis (glucose to g6p)?
energy conserved in the phosphoryl group; NOT the hydrolysis of ATP
G60 formation is unfavorable BUT energy conserved by the phosphoryl transfer from ATP makes it favorable
–> delta G of glucose to g6p is +.3 (unfavorable)
–> delta G of ATP to ADP is -7.3
SO combined rxn is overall favorable (-4 kcal/mol) `
what delta G value is considered high energy?
any value more negative than -6 kcal/mol
intrinsic amount of energy in a system that is available to do useful work
gibbs free energy
change in free energy that takes place during a rxn
delta G
nonspontaneous delta G
+deltaG
spontaneous delta G
negative value
amount of energy produced/consumed by rxn depends on two things:
starting conditions
equilibrium conditions
when you plug in standards to an equation…
starting conditions are knocked out and you are left with eq conditions
standard state
–[], pressure, and temp
1M, 1atm, 25 degrees C
what does prime (‘) indicate?
biochemical standard state is being used
for every increase in power, you get additional _____ in standard delta G?
-1.36
delta G standard ‘ =
= -1.36log(Keq)
= -RTln(Keq)
to get rid of a log on one side of equation…
place each side as a power of 10
oxidation
reduction
oxidation, e/H are lost
reduction, e/H are gained
to determine oxidation state of a C:
- -1 for each H attached to C
- +1 for any single bond to O, N, S or halogen (+2 for double bond, +3 for triple bond)
- 0 for each bond to another C
where to e put on NAD and FAD eventually end up?
H/e turn them into NADH and FADH2 and they reduce oxygen to water
final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration
oxygen
hydrogen molecule, atom, and hydride ion
molecule is H2 (2 proton and 2 electron)
atom is one proton and one electron
hydride is H- (one proton with 2 e)
**H+ is NOT a source of reducing power
hydride ion carrier?
NADH
hydrogen atom carrier?
FADH2
what does fad stand for?
flavin adenine dinucleotide
nad stand for?
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- reduction potential (E) means
the equation has a GOOD reducing agent
atp per nadh
2.5 atp
atp per fadh2
1.5 atp
