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MSK (nlg) > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what can cause multiple extra toes?

A

duplicated ZPA zone of polarizing activity

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1
Q

limb development rotations

A

• Upper limbs rotate 90 degrees laterally so that thumb will point laterally, palms up • Lower limbs rotate medially so that the big toes are medial and knees are pointed anteriorly

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1
Q

complex syndactyly

A

involves bone and soft tissue - fuses digits in both layers

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2
Q

skeleton of the face?

A

splanchnocranium

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3
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by a single spinal segment

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3
Q

intramembranous bone ossification

A

no cartilage present mesenchye condenses, osteoblasts differentiate, secrete matrix, osteoblasts deposit bone and osteocytes are present

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5
Q

where do somites form? how?

A

on either side of neural groove in pairs, cranially to caudally

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5
Q

endochondral bone formation

A

long bones cartilage present grow in length by chondrocyte division and secretion of ECM primary ossification center is in shaft and secondary in bone heads

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5
Q

holoprosensecephaly

A

forebrain of embryo fails to develop into two hemispheres *possibly due to EtOH intake

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5
Q

cloverleaf skull

A

early close of multiple sutures and secondary excessive growth at the cranial base –> irregular expansion

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5
Q

how to fix skull deformities?

A

bicoronal incision

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6
Q

what does distruption or loss of HOX genes do?

A

loss or abnormal limb elements

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7
Q

gastrulation

A

single layer blastula becomes three layer gastrula

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9
Q

what gene specifies position of limb bud?

A

HOX

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11
Q

what directs limb bud to form along ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR axis?

A

ZPA zone of polarizing activity

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12
Q

protective case around brain?

A

neurocranium

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14
Q

what does somite differentiate into?

A

sclerotome (vertebra/rib only) dermatome (dermis) myotome (muscle)

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17
Q

lateral plate mesoderm forms what?

A

limb bones

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17
Q

what three layers does gastrulation form?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

18
Q

what does the intermediate strip become?

A

dermis of the neck, back, and trunk

19
Q

three steps of gastrulation

A
  1. embryo becomes asymmetric along both axes 2. primitive streak forms . cells from epiblast undergo mesenchymal transformation and travel inwards at streak to form germ layers via FGF sugnaling
20
Q

scrococcygeal teratoma

A

teratoma at base of coccy - ectopic fragments of the primitive streak

21
Q

direction of appendicular skeletal development?

A

proximal to distal and cranial to caudal

22
Q

what does a bicoronal incision do?

A

release pressure on brain and allows resuturing of skull

24
Q

two types of bone formation

A

endochondral - cartilage present intramembranous - cartilage not present

25
Q

soft membranous sutures in skull

A

fontanel

26
Q

myotome

A

group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve root motor equivalent of a dermotome

27
Q

epimere

A

dorsal portion of somite or mesoderm forms muscles innervated by dorsal ramus of spinal nerve

28
Q

when do somites develop?

A

3rd week

29
Q

where does bone diameter growth occur?

A

diaphysis (shaft)

30
Q

syndactyly

A

digits connected by soft tissue

31
Q

what is the major signaling center for proper limb development?

A

apical epidermal ridge AER

32
Q

ZPA

A

zone of polarizing activity area of undifferentiated mesenchyme at posterior of limb bud

33
Q

what does the zygote emit at 3-5 hrs?

A

Ovum Factor - signals mother immune system NOT to attack it - permits implantation

34
Q

sclerotome

A

forms bones

35
Q

what does each gastrulation layer form?

A

ecotoderm –> epidermis, neural crest, nervous system mesoderm –> somites, muscle, cartilage, bones, dermis, blood endoderm –> organs and GI/resp systems

37
Q

AER

A

apical epidermal ridge thick epithelium at distal limb bud

38
Q

what axis does the ZPA direct limb bud growth?

A

anterior-posterior

39
Q

caudal dysgenesis

A

impaired development of lower half of body

40
Q

which myotome form limbs: abaxial or primaxial

A

abaxial

41
Q

each somite forms what three things?

A

sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome

42
Q

primaxial vs abaxial

A

p - adjacent to neural tube, closer to axis and less migratory, dorsal muscles of back, body wall and girdles a - myoblasts further from neural tube, respond to lateral signals to form limbs

43
Q

AER is consistently supplied by what?

A

single large blood vessel

44
Q

how are embryos staged?

A

according to number of somites

45
Q

How are toes and fingers split?

A

apoptosis of cells

MSK (nlg) (10 decks)

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