Glycolysis

Question 1

What is the main focus of glycolysis

Answer 1

To generate energy from glucose

Question 2

What is glycolysis

Answer 2

A sequence of reactions where gluscose from digestion is converted to two molecules of pyruvate

C6h12o6 to c3h3o3

Question 3

What are the two stages of glycolysis

Answer 3

Trapping and preparation

Oxidation to pyruvate

Question 4

What is the goal of the trapping and preparation step of glycolysis

Answer 4

Trap glucose in the cell and transform it into fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (something that can be better broken down)

Question 5

What do the kinases in glycolysis do

Answer 5

Hydrolyze atp to adp to add a phosphate group to the molecule

Question 6

What are the kinases that are used in the trapping and preparation step

Answer 6

First to make glucose 6 phosphate (Hexokinase)

Then to make fructose 1 6 biphosphate (phosphofructokinase)

Question 7

What does Hexokinase do in terms of water

Answer 7

It removes water from its active site so that the reaction of atp with water to make adp doesn’t happen

I does this by having an induced fit

Want phosphorylated glucose, if water reacts then the atp won’t be used properly

Question 8

What happens to make glucose stay in the cell for glycolysis to occur

Answer 8

It gets phosphorylates by Hexokinase and becomes more charged and polar

Question 9

What does phosphoglucose isomerase do

Answer 9

Converted the hard to break down glucose 6 phosphate (more stable)

to the easier 5 membered fructose 6 phosphate (less stable)

Aldose to ketose

This is reversible

Question 10

What happens to the fructose 6 phosphate

Answer 10

It’s gets phosphorylated to fructose 1,6 biohospahte

This is irreversible step and traps the fructose in this form so it can then be broken down

Question 11

Is glucose to glucose 6 phosphate reversible

Answer 11

No

Question 12

What happens to the F 16 biphosphates after it is made

Answer 12

Aldolase enzyme turns it into the 3 carbon Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate which is used for stage 2 of glycolysis

Question 13

What is the isomer problem of Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

What converts the isomers

Answer 13

We need the Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate form but equilibrium favours the dihydroxyacetone version

The thing that converts the isomers is triose phosphate isomerase

Question 14

In the first stage of glycolysis how much atp is formed and made

Answer 14

Atp is hydrolyzed twice to make two adp

So far no atp is MADE

Question 15

How many steps in glycolysis

Answer 15

10 steps

5 steps in parts 1 and 2

Question 16

What happens at the beginning of stage two of glycolysis

Answer 16

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase reducers NAD to NADH

Oxidized inorganic phosphate

This turns Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1,3 bi phosphoglycersate through oxidation

Question 17

How many times does stage two in glycolysis happen

Answer 17

2 times out of

Question 18

What are the high energy compounds used to make atp from adp

Answer 18

1,3 BPG

Phosphoenol pyruvate

Creatine phosphate

Question 19

What are the low energy compounds that use atp to get phosphorylate and turn its into adp

Answer 19

Glucose 6 phosphate and glycerol 3 phosphate

Question 20

The more negative delta g of a reaction,

Answer 20

The more favourable the reaction

More likely it’ll proceed

Question 21

How much atp is made in the second stage of glycolysis

How much NADH

Answer 21

For 1 round 2 atp is made and 1 NADH

This step happens twice so 4 atp made and 2 NADH in total

Question 22

Where does glycolysis happen

Answer 22

In the cytoplasm

Question 23

Which has a higher absorbance, NAD+ or NADH

Answer 23

NAD+

Question 24

The step to make 1,3 biphosphogycelrate in stage 2 of glycolysis has what type of intermediate

Why

Answer 24

A thio ester intermediate that’s linked to an enzyme

This lowers the energy barrier to go from being glycerldhyde three phosphate oxidized to the 1,3 BPG .

Question 25

What is the delta g of the oxidation step in stage two glycolysis (to make 3 phosphoglycerate the oxidized version of Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

Answer 25

-50kJ/mo

A very favourable reaction

Question 26

How is the oxidized Glyceraldehyde three phosphate (3 phophoglycerate) turned into 1,3 BPG via the intermediate

Answer 26

Through covalent catalysis of an enzyme with the Thio ester intermediate

Question 27

Once the 1,3 biphosphoglycarate is made, how does it turn into 3 phosphoglycerate

Answer 27

Through the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase, it does substrate level phosphorylation to turn adp to atp

Question 28

After 3 phosphoglycerate is made what turns it into 2 phsophoglycerste

Answer 28

Phosphoglycerate mutase

Moving the phosphate from c 3 to c2

Question 29

After 2 phosphoglycerate is formed what turns it into phosphoenol pyruvate

What type of reaction does it do

Answer 29

Enolase

It does a dehydration reaction and makes water leave

Question 30

What is special about phosphoenol pyruvate

Answer 30

It’s a higher energy molecule meaning it’s has more potential to move a phosphoryl group from itself to adp

It’s less stable than an alcohol

Question 31

What happened after phosphoenol pyruvate is formed

How is it an internal oxidation reduction

Answer 31

Pyruvate kinase help with substrate level phosphorylation and turns adp to atp

The resulting c3 of pyruvate is more reduced (more H) and the c2 is more oxidized

Question 32

What is the seventh class of enzymes

Answer 32

Translocases

Question 33

What is the over all net atp gain of glycolysis

What out Nadh gain

Answer 33

2 atp gained

2 NADH gained