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Bchem 393 > Digestion And Intro To Metabolism > Flashcards

Digestion And Intro To Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

For digestion in the mouth, what happens?

What are the enzyme in the saliva that do this

A

The food gets homogenized to an aqueous slurry

This happens because of amylase and lipase

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2
Q

For digestion in the stoumach, what happens?

What are the enzyme in the stomach that do this

A

Uses low ph to denature the protiens

These denatured protiens work better as substrates for pepsin which is protease that breaks down the protiens.

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3
Q

For digestion in the pancrease, what happens?

What are the enzyme that do this

A

NaHCO3 is released to neutralize the food

Digestive enzymes are also released that digest protiens, lipids, and carbohydrates

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4
Q

For digestion in the gall bladder , what happens?

A

The gall bladder releases bile salt to digest lipids

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5
Q

What is a protease in the digestion of proteins

A

It cleaves protiens

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6
Q

What is a zymogen in the digestion of protiens

A

The inactive form of a protease

so that the protease doesn’t cleave protiens it not supposed to (including itself)

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7
Q

How are zymogens used

A

They’re first stored in granules near the cell membrane

They get released then activated by cleavage

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8
Q

What is a zymogen that can self activate and doesn’t need to be cleaved to be activated

A

Pepsinogen that turns into the protease pepsin

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9
Q

What is the process of the digestion of protiens

A

Theses protiens are first cut into amino acids and oligopeptides through use of proteases in the lumen of the intestine

These proteases then get dissolved in the lumen

Peptidases that cleave oligopeptides are attached to the outside surface of the intestinal cells. The olgopeptides get cleaved into di and tri peptides

The di and tripeptides and amino acids are sent into the intestinal cell then out into the bloodstream via transporters in the cell membrane

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10
Q

What are the enzymes used in the digestion of carbohydrates

A

Alpha amylase

Maltase

Sucrase/lactase

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11
Q

What does alpha amylase do

A

It cleaves alpha 1-4 glycosidic bind of carbs

Cant cleave alpha 1,6 bonds or any closer

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12
Q

What does Maltase, alpha glucosidase, and alpha dextrinase do

A

Maltase, alpha glucosidase, and alpha dextrinase complete the hydrolysis of starch

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13
Q

What do Sucrase and lactase do

Where are they

A

Their on the surface of intestinal cells and also cleave carbohydrates

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14
Q

How is the digestion of lipids done

A

Triacylglycerols are mostly the lipids getting digested (three fatty acids and a glycerol back bone)

These form an emulsion in the stomach, but amphipathic bile salts enhance break down of these emulsions

Lipases cleave two of the fatty acids off of the lipids and leave one (to make a mono acyl glycerol)

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15
Q

What happens after the lipase cleaves off the fatty acids and forms the mono acyl glycerol

A

The fatty acids and monoacylglycerol turn into micelles get sent through a fatty acid binding protien on the surface of the intestinal cell membrane

Then inside the cell there is a fatty acid transport protien that send the fatty acids and monoacylglycerol micelles to the smooth ER

In the smooth ER there are chylomicrons that transport the triacylglycerols, protiens, phospholipids, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins to the lymph system

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16
Q

What is the size of the chylomicron

A

2000A in diameter

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17
Q

What is stage 1 2 3 in metabolism

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Breakdown to small units
  3. Energy production

Large molecules are prepared for use in metabolism

18
Q

What is metabolism

A

A series of linked chiral reactions that transform one molecule to another that’s required by the organism, give energy as well

Involves catabolism and anabolism

19
Q

What is catabolism

A

Breakdown of fuel molecules to useful energy, H2O and co2

20
Q

What is anabolism

A

The building up of simple molecules and energy to complex molecules

21
Q

The degradation (catabolism) and biosynthstic (anabolism) pathways are generally _______

A

Separate, which allows for control

22
Q

What is metabolomics

A

A tool to understand changes in metabolites

23
Q

What does adp to atp signify

A

Oxidation of fuel molecules or photosynthesis

24
Q

What does atp to adp signify

A

Motion, active transport, biosynthesis, or signal amplification

25
Q

Why is atp energy rich

A

It has phosphoanhydride bonds (the bonds between each of the three alpha beta gamma phosphate groups)

26
Q

What are the factors of why atp hydrolyzes to adp or amp

A

The electrostatic repulsion of the 4 negative charges in the 3 phosphates

There is better resonance stabilization for ADP, Pi

Theres less solvation for atp, making it easier to lose a phosphate group

The entropy of atp is lower than adp.

27
Q

What is the free energy for atp to adp

what about atp to amp

What about under cellular conditions

What does the exact value depend on

A

-30.5kj/mol

-45.6kJ/mol

-50

The ionic strength of the solution and to concentrations of mg2+ and other ions

28
Q

Explain how atp can be coupled to other reactions to make them more favourable and happen faster

A

A to B had free energy of +16, not favourable

If the hydrolysis of atp is paired to the reaction of A to B, the to free energy for the reaction becomes -13.8, more favourable

For keq, atp hydrolysis couple with the reaction of a to B makes more products at equilibrium (higher keq)

If not couple the keq<1 and the reactants are favours (reaction to B less favourable

29
Q

Slides 15 and 16

A

Explain

30
Q

Is atp used as long term storage

A

No it’s an immeasurable donor of free energy but isn’t use for long term energy storage

31
Q

What does catabolism to to atp and how

A

In catabolism ATP is made from ADP and Pi

The energy to make the atp comes from the oxidation of fuel molecules

32
Q

What is oxidation and how is it related to free energy

A

It’s the loss of electrons of one thing to give to another molecule , For aerobic organisms these electrons are gained by oxygen

The most reduced molecule (most hydrogens, ex. Methane) has the most energy that can be released by being oxidized (most negative delta G)

33
Q

The most reduced molecule (most hydrogens, ex. Methane) has the most energy that can be released by being oxidized (most negative delta G)

Why is this

A

As the compund gets oxidized one carbon atom at a time, that energy from its oxidation is used

to make a compund with a high phosphoryl transfer potential (giving up phosphate)

Or to make an ion gradient

The end point is usually atp

34
Q

What are activated carriers

A

Atp is an activated carrier of a phosphoryl group

Others can be activated carriers of electrons or two carbon fragments

35
Q

What are the types of activated carriers

A

Carriers of Electrons in fuel oxidation

Carriers of electrons in biosynthesis

Carriers of two carbon fragments

36
Q

What are examples of Carriers of Electrons in fuel oxidation

A

NADH FADH2

37
Q

What are examples of Carriers of Electrons in biosynthesis

A

The reduced form of NADP+ (NADPH)

38
Q

What are examples of Carriers of two carbon fragments

A

Acetyl coa

39
Q

How is metabolism regulated

A

Through the control of

Amount of enzymes (how fast they’re made and degraded)

Catalytic activities of those enzymes (feedback inhibition where the product inhibits the enzyme, reversible covalent modification)

The accessibly of their substrates (compartmentalizations in eukaryotes, flux of substrates between these compartments)

40
Q

What is the energy charge of the cell

A

The metabolic reactions of the cell are controlled by the energy status of the cell

When the energy charge is 1 all atp is being use and none is being made

When the energy charge is 0 all atp is being made and none is being used

41
Q

What is the energy charge of most cells

A

Between 0.8 and 0.95

42
Q

Equations for energy change and phosphorylation potential

A

Slide 23

Bchem 393 (31 decks)

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