Carbs 2 Flashcards
What is a glycosidic bond
A bind between the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide and an OH of another (can be anomeric or not)
What is maltose
Two glucose bonded
Ones anomeric is bonded to c4 of the other
What is sucrose
A glucose and a fructose
The fructose is flipped so both anomeric carbons are in the bond (c1 and c2)
Since flipped of the oh is down in the bond then it’s beta not alpha
What is lactose
A galactose and a glucose
C1 of galactose and c4 of glucose
Beta -d- galactopyranosyl-(1-4)-alpha-d-glucopyranose
Know how to name LACTOSE SUCROSE AND MALTOSE
Okay
What are reducing sugars
The open form of the sugar has a free aldehyde group that can react with oxidizing agents (like cu2+)
Example: the coh in d glucose gets OXIDZED (gained oxygen) and turns to gluconic acid (COOH)
What else is an oxidizing agent
DNS
Can fructose (a ketose) be a reducing sugar
Yes under basic conditions because the ketone Keto enol tautomerization and turns into d glucose or d mannose
Which can then be oxidized
All mono saccarides are
REDUCING SUGARS
Is sucrose a reducing sugar
Is maltose
No, because both anomeric carbons are locked in the bond and can’t open up to be a ketone or aldehyde
Yes because the second glucose has a free anomeric carbon which can open up to be an aldehyde
What is glycogen
A homo polymer (made of many copies of the same poly saccaride, glucose)
It a storage of glucose because it made only of glucose units
Mostly alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
but branches are formed between alpha 1,6 bonds every 10 glucose units
What another storage of glucose
Starch
What is starch
Also a homo polymer of glucose
Is a reservoir of nutrition in plants
Has two kinds of forms : amylose (linear)
Amylopectin (branched)
What is amylose
Just a bunch of glucose chains, no alpha 1 6 binds to form branches, just alpha 1 4
What is amylopectin
It’s one alpha 1,6 bond every 30 alpha 1,4 bonds of glucose
Branches
What are the three storages of glucose and what happens to them
Amylopectin, amylose, glycogen
They are quickly hydrolyzed by alpha amylase, an enzyme that cleaves the 1,4 glycosidic bonds in glucose
The product of this is then secreted by salivary gland and pancreas
When starch and glycogen come together in chair conformation what shape do they make
A hollow helix shape
What is cellulose
Another major polysaccharide of glucose in plants
Provides rigidity and structure of the cell wall of plants
Linear straight chain with beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds, hydrogen bond between the parallel chains
What is the effect of the beta 1,4 binds in cellulose
It’s harder to digest because the beta bonds are harder to break
What is inulin
Not a reducing sugar because it’s made of a bunch of sucroses (1,2 bonds)
Energy storage in plants
Non digestible easily
What is the process of the pit cooking techniques to break down inulin
The have pre heated rocks under the moist vegetation. Roots are laid on top of the moist vegetation as well a soil and the roots are cooked for a long time
This helps with breaking the inulin into the monosaccharides glucose and fructose so the root becomes digestible
