glycolysis

Question 1

what is the net yield

Answer 1

2 ATP

2 NADH

2 pyruvate

Question 2

what kinds of enzymes are used in glycolysis

Answer 2

kinases

isomerases

oxidoreductases

lysates

Question 3

how is glucose pumped into the cell for glycolysis to begin

Answer 3

via the SGLT that uses a Na gradient to allow for the coupled diffusion of Na and Glu into the cell

Question 4

which enzyme cata glu-glu 6

Answer 4

hexokinase (regulatory enzyme)

kinases ass phosphoryl groups
this uses ATP

Question 5

which enzyme cata glu-6 to fruc 6

Answer 5

phosphoglucose isomerase

converts all aldose formed into the ketose form in order to form the 5-membered ring

isomerases exist in equilibrium

Question 6

which enzyme cata fruc 6 to fruc 1,6

Answer 6

phosphofructose kinase (PFK) important regulator

this is a committed step that adds another phosphoryl group and effectively traps the fructose

kinases use ATP -> ADP to attach

Question 7

which enzyme cata fruc 1,6 to G3P

Answer 7

Aldolase

this enzyme cleaves the fructose furanose into 2 3C units

Question 8

which enzyme cata G3P to 1,3 Biphosphoglycerate

Answer 8

Glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase

this step reduces NAD+ to NADH through the coupling of 2 reactions.

this reaction uses cystine and histidine to form a thioester intermediate which holds a similar activation energy to complete the reduction of the molecule (attachment of another phosphoryl group). this coupling makes in thermodynamically favorable and will give us NADH in turn.

1,3 is a very high E mole

Question 9

which enzyme cata 1,3 to 3 phosphoglycerate

Answer 9

phosphoglycerate kinase

this step is a substrate lvl phosphorylation meaning that a phosphoryl group from 1,3 is removed and placed onto an ADP to make ATP

Question 10

which enzyme cata 3 phos to 2 phos

Answer 10

phosphoglycerate mutase (a type of isomerase)

this moves the pho group to the 2C position

exists in equilibrium, though phosoenol is a very high E mole

Question 11

which enzyme cata 2 phos to phosphoenol pyruvate

Answer 11

enolase (a type of lyasase)

this forms a double bond through the removal of H2O (dehydration)

Question 12

which enzyme cata phosphoenol py to py

Answer 12

pyruvate kinase

this is an irreversible and regulated step

this is also a substate lvl phosphorylation to make ATP