Glucose Regulation

Question 1

Glucose Regulation

Answer 1

Process of maintaining optimal blood glucose levels

Question 2

What is the ultimate end result of glucose metabolism?

Answer 2

Glucose gives cells energy it needs for life (ATP)

Question 3

Euglycemia

Answer 3

Normal 70-140mg/dl

Question 4

Hyperglycemia

Answer 4

High blood glucose >140mg/dl
>100 in a fasting state
>140 when not fasting

Question 5

Hypoglycemia

Answer 5

Low blood glucose <70mg/dl

Question 6

Glucagon and Cortisol

Answer 6

Hormones that raise glucose

Question 7

Insulin

Answer 7

Hormone to lower glucose

Question 8

Short and long term consequences of Hyperglycemia

Answer 8

Short: Dehydration
Long: End-organ disease (retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy)
Macrovascular angiopathy: Hypertension, Cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease

Question 9

Consequences of Hypoglycemia

Answer 9

Nervousness
Irritability
Diaphoresis
Anxiety
Palpitations
Neurological changes
Seizures
Unconsciousness
Death

Question 10

Risk factors for impaired glucose regulation

Answer 10

Age
Pregnancy
Racial and ethnic groups
Genetics
Lifestyle
Family history
Selected medications

Question 11

History or Markers

Answer 11

Current medications
Central obesity
Diabetes
Hypertension
Cardiovascular disease
Cancer

Question 12

Examination Findings

Answer 12

Anthropometric Measurements: BMI, Waist-to-hip ratio

Evidence of peripheral vascular disease

Question 13

Signs and Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

Answer 13

Reduced cognition
Tremors
Diaphoresis
Weakness
Hunger
Headache
Irritability
Seizure

Question 14

Signs of Hyperglycemia

Answer 14

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Dehydration
Fatigue
Fruity odor to breath
Kussmaul breathing
Weight loss
Hunger
Poor wound healing

Question 15

Diagnostic Tests

Answer 15

Fingerstick test
Antibody test to confirm type 1 diabetes
Lipid analysis
Renal function tests
C-Reactive Protein

Question 16

Collaborative Interventions

Answer 16

Education for self-management
Monitoring and managing blood glucose
Nutrition Therapy
Oral hyperglycemic agents, insulin, statin agents
Glucose control

Question 17

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents

Answer 17

Only used for Type 2 Diabetes

Metformin

Question 18

Rapid-Acting Insulin:

Lispro(Humalog), Glulisine(Apidra), Aspart(NovoRapid)

Answer 18

Clear
Onset: 10 to 15 mins
Peak: 1 to 2 hours
Duration: 3 to 5 hours

Question 19

Intermediate-Acting

NPH (Humulin-N, Novolin-NPH)

Answer 19

Cloudy
Onset: 1 to 3 hours
Peak: 5 to 8 hours
Duration: Up to 18 hours

Question 20

Slow or long-acting
Glargine (Lantus)
Detemir (Levmir)

Answer 20

Clear
Onset: 90 mins
Peak: None
Duration: up to 24 hours