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Hugh's MD1 Metabolism > Glucose Metabolism > Flashcards

Glucose Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the net production of ATP and NADH for glycolysis?

A

2ATP

2NADH

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1
Q

In terms of metabolic disease, what is the problem with fructose?

A

It doesn’t stimulate insulin release

It fails to increase leptin production from adipocytes

Doesn’t appear to suppress ghrelin production

Fructose is converted glycerol in the liver - the chemical backbone of triacylgylcols

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1
Q

When does glucose storage change from glycogen to FAs in the liver?

A

When it’s saturated with glycogen

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1
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Pompes disease?

A

Lysosomes become engorged with glycogen as they’re unavailable to break it down due to their lack of alpha-1,4-glucosidase

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1
Q

What is advantage of low GI food?

A

The glucose is released into the blood more slowly

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2
Q

What is fibre protective against?

A

Diverticulosis

Haemorrhoid

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3
Q

What are signals for glycogen breakdown?

A

Glucagon

Adrenaline (in the muscles)

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4
Q

What organic molecules is fibre derived from?

A

Cellulose

Other complex carbohydrates

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5
Q

What is galactosaemia due to?

A

Failure to convert galactose to glucose

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5
Q

Are ketones sugar or fat?

A

Sugar

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6
Q

What does low C-peptide mean?

A

Low insulin

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7
Q

How many bases does NADH possess in its structure?

A

2

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7
Q

How much glucose does the brain need per day?

A

120g

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8
Q

What are raw materials for gluconeogenesis?

A

Glycerol

Amino acids

Lactate

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8
Q

What is produced in the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Ribose and NADPH

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9
Q

What are the pathological consequences of abnormal glycation?

A

Glycated blood vessels become brittle and prone to clots that stop the circulation

  • Blindness
  • Gangrene in feet
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11
Q

Which cell types have GLUT4 transporters?

A

Adipose and muscle cells

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11
Q

What is converted to lactate in anaerobic respiration?

A

Pyruvate

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12
Q

What compounds can’t under go gluconeogenesis?

A

Fatty acids

13
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Anaerobic

14
Q

What is the fasting level of glucose?

A

4-5mM

15
Q

How much ATP does aerobic metabolism produce?

A

32

16
Q

Is the glucose the body uses D- or L-?

A

D-

17
Q

What is the energy produced in NADH metabolism?

A

220kJ/mol

18
Q

Which glucose transporter is important in diabetes?

A

GLUT4

20
Q

How does glucose damage protein?

A

Glycation (addition of sugar)

22
Q

What type of sugars are glucose and galactose?

A

Aldose sugar

23
Q

When is the pentose phosphate pathway mainly used?

A

In the fed state

25
Q

What is the major ketose in our diet?

A

Fructose

26
Q

What is C-peptide?

A

The part of pro-insulin that is cleaved out

26
Q

What is a starch a polymer of?

A

Glucose

27
Q

What is the first reaction of glycolysis?

A

Glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

28
Q

Which enzyme does the liver and kidneys have that allows gluconeogenesis

A

Glucose-6-pase

30
Q

What type of sugar is lactose?

A

Ketose

32
Q

Which GLUT transporter do all cell possess?

A

1

33
Q

Above what blood glucose threshold will glucose be detected in the urine?

A

10mM

35
Q

What is the energy produced in metabolism of ATP?

A

30.5kJ/mol

36
Q

Are shorter or longer gut transit times better?

A

Shorter

38
Q

What type of respiration does the retina rely on?

A

Anaerobic

39
Q

What is the Cory cycle?

A

Glycogen to lactate in muscles

Lactate goes to the liver and converted back to glucose which is stored back in muscle

41
Q

What did the pasteur effect show?

A

The anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic

42
Q

Why does the retina rely on anaerobic respiration?

A

There are few mitochondria

43
Q

What role does Mg have in ATP reactions?

A

It stabilises

44
Q

What does fibre do stools?

A

Increase their water content making them softer and less rough

45
Q

What happens with GLUT4 in response to insulin?

A

It gets placed on the membrane

46
Q

In what time of respiration can creatine be of aid?

A

Anaerobic

47
Q

Which GLUT transporters should be know about?

A

1,2 and 4

Hugh's MD1 Metabolism (15 decks)

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