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Bioc 405 > Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What enzyme(s) are involved in Bypass 1 of gluconeogenesis?

A

PEPCK and pyruvate carboxylase

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2
Q

What enzyme(s) are involved in Bypass 2 of gluconeogenesis?

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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3
Q

What enzyme(s) are involved in Bypass 3 of gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

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4
Q

What are “bypasses” in gluconeogenesis?

A

The reverse reactions of the highly regulated reactions of glycolysis

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5
Q

How many ATPs, GTPs, and NADHs are spent in gluconeogenesis?

A

4 ATP, 2 GTP, 2 NADH

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6
Q

How many cellular components does gluconeogensis span?

A

3

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7
Q

What are the cellular components that gluconeogenesis spans?

A

Mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, ER

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8
Q

What is the role of pyruvate carboxylase?

A

It adds carbon to pyruvate.

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9
Q

What enzyme does Acetyl-CoA allosterically activate?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

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10
Q

What is the cofactor of pyruvate carboxylase?

A

Biotin

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11
Q

What is the role of biotin?

A

It transfers CO2 from HCO3- onto pyruvate

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12
Q

What kind of reaction is the pyruvate carboxylase reaction?

A

Anaplerotic

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13
Q

What is pyruvate converted to in Bypass 1?

A

Oxaloacetate

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14
Q

What is oxaloacetate converted to?

A

Malate

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15
Q

How is malate transported to the cytoplasm?

A

The malate-aspartate shuttle

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16
Q

What is malate converted back to in the cytosol?

A

Oxaloacetate

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17
Q

What is oxaloacetate converted to in the cytosol?

A

PEP

18
Q

What enzyme helps produce PEP?

A

PEPCK

19
Q

How does PEPCK help produce PEP?

A

It phosphorylates and decarboxylates oxaloacetate

20
Q

What does Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase produce?

A

Fructose-6-phosphate

21
Q

Is the FBPase-1 reaction favorable?

A

Yes

22
Q

What does glucose-6-phosphatase do?

A

It cleaves off the phosphate group, so it releases free glucose

23
Q

Where is glucose-6-phosphatase used?

A

Glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis

24
Q

Where is glucose-6-phosphatase localized?

A

ER membrane

25
Q

Why is glucose-6-phosphatase localized in the ER membrane?

A

Because once glucose is created, it is prone to being broken down by the glycolytic enzymes in the cytosol

26
Q

What is the structure of glucose-6-phosphatase?

A

9 transmembrane helices

27
Q

What helps with transport of glucose?

A

Hexokinase IV and GLUT2

28
Q

How is reciprocoal regulation of the irreverisble reactions in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis achieved?

A

Kinetic control

29
Q

What enzyme regulates PFK-1 and FBPase-1?

A

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

30
Q

What does Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activate?

A

PFK-1

31
Q

What does Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibit?

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

32
Q

What does PFK-1 activate?

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

33
Q

What does Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activate?

A

Fructose-6-phosphate

34
Q

What are PFK-2 and FBPase-2 regulated by?

A

Fructose-6-phosphate

35
Q

What enzyme is activated in the fed state?

A

PFK-2

36
Q

What does PFK-2 promote?

A

Glycolysis

37
Q

Is PFK-2/FBPase-2 phosphorylated or dephosphorylated in the fed state?

A

Dephosphorylated

38
Q

Is PFK-2/FBPase-2 phosphorylated or dephosphorylated in the fasted state?

A

Phosphorylated

39
Q

What enzyme is activated when PFK-2/FBPase-2 is phosphorylated?

A

FBPase-2, thus producing F-6-P, and going through gluconeogenesis

40
Q

What enzyme is activated when PFK-2/FBPase-2 is dephosphorylated?

A

PFK-2, thus producing F-2,6-BP, and going through glycolysis

Bioc 405 (15 decks)

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