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Biochemistry > Glucogenesis > Flashcards

Glucogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Outline 3 carbohydrates

A

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

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2
Q

Does insulin or glucagon dominate in a fed state?

A

Insulin

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3
Q

Does glucagon or insulin dominate in a faster state?

A

Glucagon

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4
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Stimulated the synthesis of glucose from glycerol and amino acids

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5
Q

Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of?

A

Glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

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6
Q

Outline 3 non-carbohydrate precursors?

A

Lactate

Amino acids

Glycerol

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7
Q

How long does glucose reserves last?

A

24 hours

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8
Q

What % of total glucose does the brain consume?

A

70 or more

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9
Q

Severe starvation leads to…

A

3-hydroxybutyrate used

70% energy requirements

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10
Q

Fall in blood sugar leads to…

A

Mental confusion—> coma—> death

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11
Q

What does human erythrocytes use glucose as?

A

Metabolic fuel

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12
Q

What is the function of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate?

A

Control oxygen dissociation

Curve of haemoglobin

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13
Q

What is the function of ATP in gluconeogenesis?

A

Drives the NA+ pump

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14
Q

What is the function of NADH/NADPH in gluconeogenesis?

A

Keeps glutathione reduced

Protects cell membrane from oxidation

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15
Q

What is kept in the plasma membrane of the non-fed state?

A

Receptor
Acceptor protein

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16
Q

How is ATP turned to cAMP?

A

Terminated by obosphodiesterases

17
Q

What is the function of cAMP?

A

Glucogenesis
/
Glycogen breakdown

18
Q

What are the 3 irreversible reactions of glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase
1) glucose+ATP _________> glucose-6-phosphate + ADP

                                                         phosphofructokinase 2) fructose-6-phosphate +ATP———-> fructose 1,6-bisphosphate +ADP

                                                  Pyruvate kinasasw   3)phosphoenolpyruvate +ADP————> Pyruvate+ATP
19
Q

Phosphoenopyruvate is formed from….

A

Pyruvate via oxaloacetate

20
Q

What 2 new enzymes are involved in Phosphoenopyruvate?

A

CO2- fixation reactions

21
Q

Describe pyruvate carboxylase?

A

Located in the mitochondria

Pyruvate in cytosol enters the mitochondria

22
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase is a anaplerotic meaning;

A

“Fill up”

23
Q

What is the function of phospheonopyruvate carboxykinase?

A

Concerts oxaloacetate ——-> phosphoenolpyruvate

24
Q

Where is phospheonopyruvate carboxykinase located?

A

In the cytoplasm

25
Q

What is oxaloacetate reduced to ? And where?

A

Reduced to Malate in mitochondria

26
Q

What does alcohol cause in glucogenesis?

A

Hypoglycaemia

Alcohol inhibits gluconeogenesis

27
Q

Low alcohol leads to;

A

Impaired motor + intellectual performance

28
Q

High alcohol leads to;

A

Depressant effect, stupor , anaesthesia

Biochemistry (20 decks)

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