Glucides 1.2: Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoglucogenese?

A

Synthèse endogène de glucose

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2
Q

True or False,

Most organs are capable of undergoing néoglucogenèse

A

FALSE
Contrairement à la glycolyse, la néoglucogenèse n’a pas lieu dans toutes les cellules
* Foie (principalement) et reins

Glucose-6-phosphate à Glucose + Pi
* (glucose-6-phosphatase ** dans le foie uniquement **)

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3
Q

What is fructose-1,6-diphosphatase

A

IT is a key enzyme in neoglucogenesis converting Fructose-1,6-diphosphate à
Fructose-6-phosphate

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4
Q

Point de contrôle majeur de la vitesse de la néoglucogenèse

A

Fructose-1,6-diphosphate à
Fructose-6-phosphate

Catalyzed by fructose-1,6-diphosphatase

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5
Q

What inhibits fructose-1,6-diphosphatase

A

Insuline

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6
Q

What is fructose-2,6-diphosphate? Explain in detail.

A

Régulateur majeur du sens des voies métaboliques de la glycolyse et de la
néoglucogenèse

it stimulates PFK-1 -> etape 3 in glycolyse
it blocks fructose 1,6 diphosphatase of the neoglucogenesis

fructose-2,6-diphosphate est synthétisé ou dégradé par la même enzyme -> PFK-2
the activity of PFK2 is dependent on insuline and glucagon activity
it can phosphorylate or phosphoroylate based on these signals

if insulin -> kinase activity -> more fructose-2,6-diphosphate -> less glucose

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7
Q

What does glucagon do to PFK2? What is the result of this?

A

PFK-2 activity becomes a diphosphatase (i.e, break stuff)

it will then break fructose-2,6-diphosphate

because** F2,6DP has an effect of activating PFK1** and deactivating F1,6P -> we get less PFK1 activity and thus less glucose breakdown -> more glucose in blood

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8
Q

Aerobic vs anerobic pathway for Pyruvate?

A

condition anaérobique (ou en absence de mitochondrie), le
pyruvate est transformé en lactate par la lactate déshydrogénase

condition aérobique, le pyruvate entre dans la mitochondrie où
il est transformé en acétyl-CoA

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9
Q

Result of Krebs cycle

A

First, only works in aerobic conditions
Produces 38ATP

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10
Q

Role of Voie des pentoses phosphates?

A

Formation du NADPH
Formation de ribose

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11
Q

Reactions exergoniques vs endergoniques

A

Les réactions exergoniques qui dégagent de l’énergie
Ex: A + B à C + D** + énergie (chaleur)**
DG < 0: la réaction est exergonique et elle se produit spontanément
* Les réactions endergoniques qui nécessitent de l’énergie
Ex: A + B + énergie (chaleur) à C + D
DG > 0: la réaction est endergonique et ne se produit pas spontanément

DG = 0: la réaction est en équilibre, c’est-à-dire qu’elle se fait aussi vite dans un sens que dans l’autre

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12
Q

What are some composés riches en énergie

A

ATP
Creatine Phosphate
Carbamoyl phosphate

acyls-coenzyme A
phosphoénol pyruvate et le 1,3-biphosphoglycérat

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13
Q

What is the role of Creatine Phosphate?

A

It acts as a storage of Phosphate
In fact, passing from creatine to creatine phosphate is a endorgenic reaction
However, when there are a lot of ATPs around, we can store them

La créatine phosphate constitue donc un système de tampon pour l’ATP.

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14
Q

True or False:

Les enzymes ne modifient jamais les concentrations finales des composés à l’équilibre, elles ne font qu’accélérer la réaction.

A

True

Enzymes do not decrease the need for energy, they simply accelerate a given reaction

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15
Q

What is special about Oxydoréduction reactions?

A

In contract to other reactions

These can only go 1 direction!!!
Ex:
NADH + H+ + ubiquinone -> ubiquinol + NAD+

but NEVER THE OPPOSITE

Which means: le transfert des électrons du NADH + H+ et du FADH2 vers l’oxygène est très favorable (très exergonique)

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16
Q

What are co-factors?

A

co-facteurs doivent se lier à l’enzyme et sont nécessaires à l’activité
participent à la réaction, mais sont souvent recyclés

17
Q

True or False,

NADH producted in the cytoplasm by glycolysis can diffuse to enter the mitochondria and be converted to ATP under aerobic conditions

A

FALSE

IT needs a transporter since the membrane of the mitochondria is impermeable

18
Q

Role of complex 1?

A

Accepte NADH electrons and gives them to CoenzymeQ

Given that it is transmembranaire
the energy of the electron transfer is used to pump a proton across the membrane

18
Q

Difference of Complex 1 vs 2?

A

Complex 2 is not transmembranaire = does not pump protons across the membrane

It takes it from FADH instead of NADH

19
Q

Role of complex 3?

A

Accepts electrons from CoenzymeQ and gives them to CytochromeC

Given that it is transmembranaire
the energy of the electron transfer is used to pump a proton across the membrane

20
Q

Role of complex 4?

A

Takes electrons from Cytochrome C and gives them to Oxygen -> the last electron acceptor

Given that it is transmembranaire
the energy of the electron transfer is used to pump a proton across the membrane

21
Q

What does FADH only produce 2 ATP instead of 3 ATP like NADH?

A

Because FADH uses complex 2, which is not transmembranaire which means it does not pump protons