Endocrine 2.1

Question 1

Two groups of cells in the Ilots de Langerhans

Answer 1

Cellules B ou beta
* 55% des cellules
* Au centre des îlots
* Production insuline
Cellules A ou alpha
* Périphériques
* Production glucagon

Question 2

What can be said about the structure of insulin?

Answer 2

2 chaines de polypeptides
◦ Chaine A
◦ Chaine B
◦ Reliées par** 2 ponts disulfures**

Question 3

Insuline and enzymes that activate it

Answer 3

At first it is released as a Preproinsuline in the Reticulum endoplasmique
it is then cleaved to become a proinsulin
the final product will give us insulin and peptide C

Question 4

How can you distinguish someone who injected artificial insulin vs someone who produced it?

Answer 4

The presence of peptide C

peptide C will only be present in patients producing endogen insulin

Question 5

Insulin secretion cascade

Answer 5

Glucose enters vis Glut 2 into pancreatic beta cells
This leads to increased Calcium entrance (and pyruvate, and ATP)
Leads to insulin secretion

Question 6

Insulin receptor type and effects of insulin?

Answer 6

Tyrosine kinase coupled enzyme receptor (IRS; insulin receptor)

Effects:
Captation du glucose
Croissance cellulaire
Synthèse de protéines
Synthèse glycogène
ARRETER LA LIPOLYSE (au niveau du tissu adipeaux)
Arreter le glucagon

Look at image on p11

Question 7

Where does neoglucogenesis happen?

Answer 7

Mainly in the liver
A little in the kidneys!!

Question 8

Effect of insulin in the brain.

Answer 8

NADA, nothing:

Les cellules du cerveau sont perméables au glucose et peuvent utiliser le glucose sans l’insuline

Question 9

Effect of insulin in the muscles.

Answer 9

Durant l’exercice,
◦ le muscle n’a pas besoin de bcp d’insuline pour faire entrer
le glucose
Between meals:
Uses acides gras as a source of energy

Question 10

Effect of insulin in the Liver.

Answer 10

Apres un repas:
Diminution de la glycogéno lyse
Augmentation de la glycogén èse
Augmentation de la lipo genèse (exam)
Between Meals:
La diminution d’insuline permet
◦ Une diminution de la glycogénèse
◦ Une augmentation de la glycogénolyse

Question 11

Resume of insulin action

Answer 11

Growth : Anabolic
Decrease glucose in plasma: hypoglycemiante

Question 12

Stimulators of Insulin:

Answer 12

*Augmentation de glycémie
*Hormones GI (Gastrine,Sécrétine, CCK, GIP, GLP-1)
*Cortisol
*Glucagon
*Hormone de croissance

need to know these bud

Question 13

Inhibitors of insulin

Answer 13

Diminution de glycémie**
**Jeûne
*Somatostatine
*Effet Système nerveux autonome
* Effet alpha adrénergique

Question 14

Actions du glucagon sur le métabolisme
glucidique

Answer 14

Increase sugar in blood whooo hooo
Augmentation de la glycogénolyse
Augmentation de la néoglucogénèse (more glucose build)

Question 15

Néoglucogénèse vs Glycogénèse

Answer 15

Glycogénèse = more glycogen
Néoglucogénèse = more glucose

Question 16

Actions du glucagon sur le métabolisme
lipidique

Answer 16

Augmentation de la libération de AGL (acides gras libres) par les adipocytes
- Stimulation lipase
- Inhibition du stockage
HORMONE HYPERGLYCÉMIANTE

Question 17

What is a hormone that inhibits glucagon?

Answer 17

Somatostatin
And insulin

Question 18

What are symptomes NEUROGLYCOPÉNIQUE?

Answer 18

neuro glyco penique(manque)
These are progressive responses due to lowed blood glucose levels
Include changes in behavior (hunger), fatigue, confusion, etc