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Sociology AS Level > Glossary For Education > Flashcards

Glossary For Education Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define theory

A

A system of ideas intended to explain something, a set of principles on which the practice of an activity is based

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2
Q

What is anarchy/Anomie

A

Absence of rules/laws/ values/ norms etc

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3
Q

Define culture

A

The learned shared behaviour of members of a society

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4
Q

What does socialisation mean

A

The process by which we learn the culture of a society

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5
Q

Define norm

A

Something that is usual, typical or standard

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6
Q

Define primary socialisation

A

Informal process through which you learn norms/attitudes/ values- early childhood process

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7
Q

Define secondary socialisation

A

Formal process through you learn the culture of society

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8
Q

Define socialisation agencies

A

People you interact with formally and informally who influence our behaviour

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9
Q

Define values

A

Beliefs that we have about what is important, both to us and to society as a whole

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10
Q

Define role

A

The way someone is expected to behave in a particular situation

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11
Q

Define status

A

The level of respect we are expected to give to a person playing a particular role

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12
Q

Define sanctions

A

Describe anything that encourages people to conform to norms

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13
Q

Define ascribed status

A

A status assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life, that cannot be changed through individual effort or achievement

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14
Q

Define achieved status

A

A status that is acquired as the result of personal accomplishment, serving as a reflection of ability and personal effort

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15
Q

Define social order

A

An arrangement of practices and behaviours on which society’s members base their daily lives

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16
Q

Define feral child

A

A neglected child who engages in lawless or anti social behaviour

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17
Q

Define social behaviour

A

How an individual or group acts or reacts to another individual, group or event

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18
Q

Define identity

A

What makes you who you are

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19
Q

Define subculture

A

A group of people within a society who share norms, values, beliefs and attitudes that are in some way different from the mainstream culture

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20
Q

Define inequality

A

Unequal access to opportunities and rewards in society, creating differences between us

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21
Q

Define feminism

A

A sociological perspective and political movement that focuses on women oppression and the struggle to end it

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22
Q

Define consensus

A

Society is based on agreement

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23
Q

Define conflict

A

Society is based on a conflict of interest

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24
Q

Define society

A

A generalise organised group of people (in a community)

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25
Q

Define symbolic interactionism

A

The theory that society is possible because of the shared meanings and social patterns created during social interactions

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26
Q

Define patriarchy

A

A society, system or group in which men dominate women and have the power and authority

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27
Q

Define diversity

A

A range of different things

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28
Q

Define ethnicity

A

Shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion and more

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29
Q

Define functionalism

A

A theory that views society as a orderly and stable system with inter connected parts designed to meet the needs of individuals in a society

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30
Q

Define Marxism

A

The political and economic theories of Karl Marx, later developed by their followers to form the basis of communism

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31
Q

Define prejudice

A

A favourable or unfavourable preconceived feelings or opinion formed without knowledge, reason, or thought that prevents objective consideration of person, group or thing

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32
Q

Define discrimination

A

The unequal treatment of a person or group on the basis of their statuses

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33
Q

Define positive sanctions

A

A reward for conforming to established norms

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34
Q

Define negative sanctions

A

A punishment for breaking an established norm

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35
Q

Define institution

A

A custom or organisation that has long been held as an important feature of some group of society

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36
Q

Define structural approach

A

Individuals are entirely shaped by the structure of society

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37
Q

Define social action approach

A

Individuals have free will and choice

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38
Q

Define social solidarity

A

The social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship , shared location and religion

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39
Q

Define collective conscience

A

The communal beliefs, morals and attitudes of a society

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40
Q

Define division of labour

A

Dividing up a job in order to speed up the process of a job

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41
Q

Define social beings

A

Everyone who goes through the socialisation process, becomes social beings

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42
Q

Define universal standards

A

Expectations of behaviour for individuals in a society that they have to follow

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43
Q

Define bourgeoisie

A

The class that owns the means of production

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44
Q

Define proletariat

A

The working class, wage earning labourers

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45
Q

Define exploitation

A

The action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work

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46
Q

Define alienation

A

An individuals isolation from his or hers society, work and sense of self

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47
Q

Define socialism

A

A political and economic theory of social organisations which advocates that the means of production, distribution and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole

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48
Q

Define communism

A

An ideology or political theory that advocates collective ownership of resources and a classless society

49
Q

Define means of production

A

The instrument ms and materials used to produce goods and services

50
Q

Define trade unions

A

Organised association of workers in trade

51
Q

Define ideology

A

A system of ideas and ideals especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy

52
Q

Define hierarchy

A

The system of power distribution in which an individual or group resides within a culture, organisation or society

53
Q

Define social stratification

A

A system of inequality based on ranking people or groups based on power, prestige and wealth

54
Q

Define correspondence principles

A

Theory that posits a close relationship between social standings and the educational system

55
Q

Define postmodernism

A

The belief that society is changing rapidly

56
Q

Define fordism

A

The modern economic and social systems based on industrialised, standardised mass production and mass consumption

57
Q

Define post fordism

A

Name given to the dominant system of economic production, consumption and associated socio-economic phenomena

58
Q

Define tripartite system

A

Made up of 3 types of schools = grammar schools, technical colleges and secondary modern

59
Q

Define grammar schools

A

A state secondary school to which pupils are admitted on the basis of ability

60
Q

Define secondary modern schools

A

A secondary school of a kind offering a general education to children not selected for grammar or technical schools

61
Q

Define technical colleges

A

A college of further education providing courses in a range of practical subjects

62
Q

Define comprehensivisation

A

Nationalisation of comprehensive type schools

63
Q

Define streaming

A

A system of grouping students in schools by ability for all subjects

64
Q

Define privileged skill choosers

A

Mainly professional, m/c parents who use their economic and cultural capital to gain education for kids

65
Q

Define disconnected local choosers

A

Mainly w/c parents who’s choices were restricted by their lack of economic and cultural capital

66
Q

Define semi skilled choosers

A

Mainly w/c, but they are ambitious for their children

67
Q

Define economic capital

A

Parents could afford to move children around the education system, having the money to give to your child’s education

68
Q

Define cultural capital

A

Having the knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tastes and abilities that the m/c transmits to their children

69
Q

Define sex-typing

A

The stereotypical categorisation of people due to the their gender (subject choices)

70
Q

Define gender gap

A

A measurable difference between the behaviours of men and women

71
Q

Define crisis of masculinity

A

Boys believing education is less important as less masculine jobs are available

72
Q

Define feminisation of education

A

The increase of female teachers in primary schools, makes education appear feminine

73
Q

Define laddish subcultures

A

W/c boys believing education isn’t for them so they rebel against normal beliefs of succeeding (paul Willis -190s)

74
Q

Define gender vs. Sex

A

Sex is biological where as gender is socially constructed

75
Q

Define gender identity

A

An individuals internal perception of their gender

76
Q

Define gender routes

A

2 separate routes through education where girls and boys are separated through subject choices

77
Q

Define gender subject images

A

Subjects are seen to either be masculine or feminine

78
Q

Define gender role socialisation

A

Society’s concept of how men and women should behave- taught how to behave to suit your gender

79
Q

Define gender domains

A

Parts of the education system (subjects or behaviours) that become apart of a gender group

80
Q

Define gendered career opportunities

A

Certain careers are suited to either males of females

81
Q

Define hegemony

A

The authority, dominance and influence of one group, nation or society over another group

82
Q

Define heteronormativity

A

Beliefs that people fall into distinct and complementary genders with roles in life

83
Q

Define surveillance

A

The act of observing an individual or group

84
Q

Define subordinate

A

An individual or group that rank lower in a position

85
Q

Define race

A

Category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that are obvious and considered important

86
Q

Define ethnicity

A

Refers to cultural factors, including nationality, regional culture, ancestry and language

87
Q

Define multi-culturalism

A

The preservation of different cultures or cultural identities within a unified society as a state or nation

88
Q

Define racism

A

A set of attitudes, beliefs and practices that are used to justify the belief that one racial category somehow superior or inferior to others

89
Q

Define prejudice

A

A feeling or opinion formed without knowledge, reason, or thought that prevents objective consideration of a person, group or thing

90
Q

Define discrimination

A

The unequal treatment of a person or group in the basis of their status

91
Q

Define institutional racism

A

Pattern of social institutions- such as government organisations, schools and courts of law that give negative treatment to a group of people based on their race

92
Q

Define xenophobia

A

An illogical fear or even hatred for those from a different countries

93
Q

Define nationalism

A

An extreme form of patriotism marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries

94
Q

Define jingoism

A

Extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy

95
Q

Define ethnocentrism

A

Evaluation of other cultures according to pre conceptions originating in the standards and customs of ones own culture

96
Q

Define labelling

A

To attach a meaning or definition to someone

97
Q

Define research characteristics

A

Particular feature that makes it easy or difficult to investigate

98
Q

Define self fulfilling prophecy

A

Prediction that comes true simply by virtue of it having been made

99
Q

Define streaming

A

Separating children into different ability groups

100
Q

Define educational triage

A

Sorting the attention that is given to students based on their educational achievement

101
Q

Define pupil subculture

A

Group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns

102
Q

Define differentiation

A

Process of teachers categorising pupils according to how they perceive their ability, attitudes and or behaviour

103
Q

Define polarisation

A

Process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite (pro/anti school)

104
Q

Define pro-school subculture

A

Pupils placed in high streams tend to remain committed to the values of the schools

105
Q

Define anti school subculture

A

Pupils placed in low streams tend to suffer a loss of self esteem = school has undermined their self worth

106
Q

Define ingratiation

A

Being the teachers ‘pet’

107
Q

Define ritualism

A

Going through the motions and staying out of trouble

108
Q

Define retreatism

A

Day dreaming and mucking around

109
Q

Define rebellion

A

Outright rejection of everything that school stands for

110
Q

Define habitus

A

‘Dispositions’ or learned, taken for granted ways of thinking, being and acting that are shared by a particular social class

111
Q

Define symbolic capital

A

M/c habitus is recognised and used in schools, giving m/c pupils symbolic capital

112
Q

Define symbolic violence

A

School devalues w/c habitus and so w/c tastes are seen as tasteless and worthless, giving w/c pupils symbolic violence

113
Q

Define Nike identities

A

Symbolic violence led w/c kids to seek alternative ways of creating self worth, status, and value and done so by creating a Nike identity by their clothing

114
Q

Define unrealistic

A

Education is seen to w/c pupils as ‘not for us’ and university is an unrealistic option

115
Q

Define undesirable

A

Higher education does not ‘suit’ w/c lifestyles

116
Q

Define deferred gratification

A

Waiting a period of time in order to achieve due to the need to work hard

117
Q

Define instant gratification

A

Receiving a reward or qualification straight away

118
Q

Define fatalistic

A

‘Live for today’ attitude

Sociology AS Level (27 decks)

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