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175.206 Cognition And Memory > Glossary 5 > Flashcards

Glossary 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The process of remembering information that has been stored in long-term memory. (7)

A

Retrieval

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2
Q

Cues that help a person remember information that is stored in memory. (7)

A

Retrieval cues

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3
Q

When more recent learning interferes with memory for some thing that happened in the past. See also Proactive interference. (5,8)

A

Retroactive interference

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4
Q

Loss of memory for something that happened prior to an injury or traumatic event such as a concussion. (7)

A

Retrograde amnesia

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5
Q

The tendency to make decisions that avoid risk. (13)

A

Risk aversion

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6
Q

A decision-making strategy that is governed by the idea of avoiding risk. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of gains. See also Risk-taking strategy. (13)

A

Risk aversion strategy

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7
Q

A decision-making strategy that is governed by the idea of taking risks. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of losses. See also Risk aversion strategy. (13)

A

Risk-taking strategy

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8
Q

Eye movements from one fixation point to another. See also Fixation (in perception and attention). (4, 11)

A

Saccadic eye movements

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9
Q

Map of a scene that indicates the stimulus salience of areas and objects in the scene. (4)

A

Saliency map

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10
Q

Occurs when the enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object, so that attention to one place on an object results in a facilitation of processing at other places on the object. (4)

A

Same-object advantage

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11
Q

The idea that the nature of language in a particular culture can affect the way people in that culture think. (11)

A

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

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12
Q

Occurs in people with autism or other mental disorders, who can achieve extraordinary feats of memory or may have great artistic talent or mathematical ability. (12)

A

Savant syndrome

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13
Q

Measure used by Ebbinghaus to determine the magnitude of memory left from initial learning. Higher savings indicate greater memory. (1)

A

Savings

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14
Q

Plot of savings versus time after original learning. (1)

A

Savings curve

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15
Q

A person’s knowledge about what is likely to be contained in a particular scene. This knowledge can help guide attention to different areas of the scene. For example, knowledge of what is usually in an office may cause a person to look toward the desk to see the computer. (3)

A

Scene schema

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16
Q

A person’s knowledge about what is involved in a particular experience. See also Script. (8)

A

Schema

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17
Q

A type of schema. The conception of the sequence of actions that describe a particular activity. For example, the sequence of events that are associated with going to class would be a “going to class” script. See also Schema. (8)

A

Script

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18
Q

The ability to focus on one message and ignore all others. (4)

A

Selective attention

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19
Q

The idea that memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person’s self-image or life identity is being formed. This is one of the explanations for the reminiscence bump. (8)

A

Self image hypothesis

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20
Q

Memory for a word is improved by relating the word to the self. (7)

A

Self-reference effect

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21
Q

Semantic category approach An approach to describing how semantic information is represented in the brain that proposes that there are specific neural circuits for some specific categories. (9)

A

Semantic category approach

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22
Q

Condition in which there is a general loss of knowledge for all concepts. (9)

A

Semantic dementia

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23
Q

An approach to understanding how concepts are organized in the mind that proposes that concepts are arranged in networks. (9)

A

Semantic network approach

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24
Q

Characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes. For example, food preparation, cooking, and perhaps eating occur in a kitchen. (3)

A

Semantic regularities

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25
Q

Correspondence between words related to specific parts of the body and the location of brain activity associated with that part of the body. (9)

A

Semantic somatotopy

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26
Q

Loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago events. (6)

A

Semanticisation of remote memory

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27
Q

The meanings of words and sentences. Distinguished from Syntax. (11)

A

Semantics

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28
Q

How neural firing represents various characteristics of the environment. (2)

A

Sensory code

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29
Q

Explanation of how semantic information is represented in the brain that states that the ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on one system that distinguishes sensory attributes and another system that distinguishes function. (9)

A

Sensory-functional (S-F) hypothesis

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30
Q

A brief stage of memory that holds information for seconds or fractions of a second. It is the first stage in the modal model of memory. See also Iconic memory; Persistence of vision. (5)

A

Sensory memory

31
Q

A technique in which the participant is asked to indicate whether a particular sentence is true or false. For example, sentences like “An apple is a fruit” have been used in studies on categorization. (9)

A

Sentence verification technique

32
Q

In a memory experiment in which participants are asked to recall a list of words, a plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the position of that word in the list. See also Primacy effect; Recency effect. (6)

A

Serial position curve

33
Q

The procedure of repeating a message out loud as it is heard. Shadowing is commonly used in conjunction with studies of selective attention that use the dichotic listening procedure. (4)

A

Shadowing

34
Q

Processing that involves repetition with little attention to meaning. Shallow processing is usually associated with maintenance rehearsal. See also Deep processing; Depth of processing, (7)

A

Shallow processing

35
Q

A memory mechanism that can hold a limited amount of information for a brief period of time, usually around 30 seconds, unless there is rehearsal (such as repeating a telephone number) to maintain the information in short-term memory. Short-term memory is one of the stages in the modal model of memory. (5)

A

Short-term memory (STM)

36
Q

Law of perceptual organization that states that similar things appear to be grouped together. (3)

A

Similarity, principle of

37
Q

Reacting to the presence or absence of a single stimulus (as opposed to having to choose between a number of stimuli before making a response). See also Choice reaction time. (1)

A

Simple reaction time

38
Q

A mental representation of what a text is about. (11)

A

Situation model

39
Q

Memory for doing things that usually involve learned skills. See Procedural memory. (6)

A

Skill memory

40
Q

An important aspect of human behavior is the ability for two people to cooperate in a way that is beneficial to both people. According to the evolutionary perspective on cognition, application of this theory can lead to the conclusion that detecting cheating is an important part of the brain’s cognitive makeup. This idea has been used to explain the results of the Wason four-card problem. (13)

A

Social exchange theory

41
Q

Occurs when the source of a memory is misidentified. See Source monitoring error. (8)

A

Source misattribution

42
Q

The process by which people determine the origins of memories, knowledge, or beliefs. Remembering that you heard about something from a particular person would be an example of source monitoring. (8)

A

Source monitoring

43
Q

Misidentifying the source of a memory. See Source misattribution. (8)

A

Source monitoring error

44
Q

A problem or story that is analogous to the target problem and which therefore provides information that can lead to a solution to the target problem. See also Analogical problem solving; Target problem. (12)

A

Source problem

45
Q

The advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying. (7)

A

Spacing effect

46
Q

Neural coding based on the pattern of activity in small groups of neurons. (2)

A

Sparse coding

47
Q

A representation in which different parts of an image can be described as corresponding to specific locations in space. See also Depictive representation. (0)

A

Spatial representation

48
Q

In Rosch’s categorization scheme, the level below the basic level (e.g., “kitchen table” for the basic category “table”). See also Basic level; Global level. (9)

A

Specific level

49
Q

The representation of a specific stimulus by the firing of neurons that respond only to that stimulus. An example would be the signaling of a person’s face by the firing of a neuron that responds only to that person’s face. (2)

A

Specificity coding

50
Q

The process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the speech signal. (3, 11)

A

Speech segmentation

51
Q

Activity that spreads out along any link in a semantic network that is connected to an activated node. (9)

A

Spreading activation

52
Q

Proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus. (7)

A

Standard model of consolidation

53
Q

The principle that memory is best when a person is in the same state for encoding and retrieval. This principle is related to encoding specificity. (7)

A

State-dependent learning

54
Q

Tendency to do nothing when faced with making a decision. (13)

A

Status quo bias

55
Q

An oversimplified generalisation about a group or class of people that often focuses on negative characteristics. See also Illusory correlation. (13)

A

Stereotype

56
Q

Bottom-up factors that determine attention to elements of a scene. Examples are color, contrast, and orientation. The meaningfulness of the images, which is a top-down factor, does not contribute to stimulus salience. See also saliency map. (4)

A

Stimulus salience

57
Q

An effect originally studied by J. R. Stroop, using a task in which a person is instructed to respond to one aspect of a stimulus, such as the color of ink that a word is printed in, and ignore another aspect, such as the color that the word names. The Stroop effect refers to the fact that people find this task difficult when, for example, the word RED printed in blue ink. (4)

A

Stroop effect

58
Q

Types of memory indicated by boxes in models of memory. In the modal model, the types are sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. (5)

A

Structural features (memory models)

59
Q

The underlying principle that governs the solution to a problem - for example, in the radiation problem, needing high intensity to fix something surrounded by material that could be damaged by high intensity. Contrast with Surface features. (12)

A

Structural features (problem solving)

60
Q

Representation of a physical structure. An example is a model of the brain or structures within the brain and their connections. (1)

A

Structural model

61
Q

An approach to psychology that explained perception as the adding up of small elementary units called sensations. (1)

A

Structuralism

62
Q

In the means-end analysis approach to problem solving, intermediate states that move the process of solution closer to the goal. (12)

A

Subgoals

63
Q

The most specific category level distinguished by Rosch - for example, “kitchen table.” (9)

A

Subordinate (specific) level

64
Q

The technique used in brain imaging in which baseline activity is subtracted from the activity generated by a specific task. The result is the activity due only to the task that is being studied. (2)

A

Subtraction technique

65
Q

The most general category level distinguished by Rosch - for example, “furniture.” (9)

A

Superordinate (global) level

66
Q

Specific elements that make up a problem. For example, in the radiation problem, the rays and the tumor are surface features. Contrast with Structural features. (12)

A

Surface features

67
Q

A series of three statements: two premises followed by a conclusion. The conclusion can follow from the premises based on the rules of logic. See also Categorical syllogism; Conditional syllogism. (13)

A

Syllogism

68
Q

Space between the end of an axon and the cell body or dendrite of the next axon. (2)

A

Synapse

69
Q

A process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes. See also Consolidation; Systems consolidation. (7)

A

Synaptic consolidation

70
Q

Process by which people use similar grammatical constructions when having a conversation. (11)

A

Syntactic coordination

71
Q

Hearing a statement with a particular syntactic construction increases the chances that a statement that follows will be produced with the same construction. (11)

A

Syntactic priming

72
Q

The rules for combining words into sentences. Distinguished from Semantics. (11)

A

Syntax

73
Q

The approach to parsing that emphasizes the role of syntax. See also Interactionist approach to parsing. (11)

A

Syntax first approach to parsing

74
Q

A network of neurons that lines the back of the eye. The transformation of light into electrical signals and the initial processing of visual information occur in the retina. (2)

A

Retina

175.206 Cognition And Memory (6 decks)

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