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175.206 Cognition And Memory > Glossary 4 > Flashcards

Glossary 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Procedure in which a person must take an active step to avoid a course of action - for example, choosing not to be an organ donor. (13)

A

Opt-out procedure

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2
Q

Units in a connectionist network that contain the final output of the network. See also Connectionist network; Hidden units; Input units. (9)

A

Output units

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3
Q

Shifting of attention by moving the eyes. Contrasts with Covert attention. (4)

A

Overt attention

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4
Q

A learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is presented and the task is to recall the other word. (7, 10)

A

Paired-associate learning

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5
Q

An area in the temporal lobe that contains neurons that are selectively activated by pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes. (2)

A

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

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6
Q

The lobe at the top of the brain that contains mechanisms responsible for sensations caused by stimulation of the skin and also some aspects of visual information. (2)

A

Parietal lobe

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7
Q

The mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases. The way a sentence is parsed determines its meaning. (11)

A

Parsing

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8
Q

Procedure used in Sperling’s experiment on the properties of the visual icon, in which participants were instructed to report only some of the stimuli in a briefly presented display. A cue tone immediately after the display was extinguished indicated which part of the display to report. See also Delayed partial report method; Sensory memory; Whole report method. (5)

A

Partial report method

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9
Q

A method for remembering things in which the things to be remembered are associated with concrete words. See also Method of loci. (10)

A

Pegword technique

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10
Q

Conscious experience that results from stimulation of the senses. (3)

A

Perception

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11
Q

Neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe, that is associated with perceiving or recognizing objects. Corresponds to the what pathway. (3)

A

Perception pathway

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12
Q

Related to the difficulty of a task. Low-load tasks use only a small amount of a person’s processing capacity. High-load tasks use more of the processing capacity. (4)

A

Perceptual load

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13
Q

Rules proposed by the Gestalt psychologists to explain how small elements of a scene or a display become perceptually grouped to form larger units. These “laws” are described as “heuristics” in this book. (3)

A

Perceptual organisation, principles of

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14
Q

A pragmatic reasoning schema that states that if a person satisfies condition A, then they get to carry out action B. The permission schéma has been used to explain the results of the Wason four-card problem. (13)

A

Permission schema

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15
Q

Difficulty in switching from one behavior to another, which can hinder a person’s ability to solve problems that require flexible thinking. Perseveration is observed in cases in which the prefrontal cortex has been damaged. (5)

A

Perseveration

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16
Q

The continued perception of light for a fraction of a second after the original light stimulus has been extinguished. Perceiving a trail of light from a moving sparkler is caused by the persistence of vision. See also Iconic memory. (5)

A

Persistence of vision

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17
Q

Semantic components of autobiographical memories. (6)

A

Personal semantic memory

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18
Q

The shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word. (11)

A

Phoneme

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19
Q

When a phoneme in a word is heard even though it is obscured by a noise, such as a cough. This typically occurs when the word is part of a sentence. (11)

A

Phonemic restoration effect

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20
Q

The part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information. See also Central executive; visuospatial sketch pad; Working memory. (5)

A

Phonological loop

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21
Q

An effect that occurs when letters or words that sound similar are confused. For example, T and P are two similar-sounding letters that could be confused. (5)

A

Phonological similarity effect

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22
Q

Component of the phonological loop of working memory that holds a limited amount of verbal and auditory information for a few seconds. (5)

A

Phonological store

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23
Q

Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment. For example, there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique (angled) orientations. (3)

A

Physical regularities

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24
Q

A pill or procedure that patients believe delivers active ingredients (usually pain killers), but which contains no active ingredient. (3)

A

Placebo

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25
Q

Decrease in pain from a procedure or substance that delivers no active ingredients.(3)

A

Placebo effect

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26
Q

Neural representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons. (2)

A

Population coding

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27
Q

An increase in confidence of memory recall due to confirming feedback after making an identification, as in a police lineup. (8)

A

Post-identification feedback effect

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28
Q

Inference that occurs when reading or hearing a statement leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the state (8)

A

Pragmatic inference

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29
Q

Law of perceptual organization that states that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. Also called the law of good figure and the law of simplicity. (3)

A

Pragnanz, law of

30
Q

The first stage of Treisman’s feature integration theory, in which an object is analyzed into its features. (4)

A

Preattentive stage

31
Q

A procedure in which participants are given a cue that will usually help them carry out a subsequent task. This procedure has been used in visual attention experiments in which participants are presented with a cue that tells them where to direct their attention. (4)

A

Precueing

32
Q

Objects created in Finke’s “creative cognition” experiment that precede the creation of a finished creative product. (12)

A

Preinventive forms

33
Q

The first two statements in a syllogism. The third statement is the conclusion. (13)

A

Premise

34
Q

In a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, enhanced memory for words presented at the beginning of the list. See also Recency effect. (6)

A

Primacy effect

35
Q

A change in response to a stimulus caused by the previous presentation of the same or a similar stimulus. See also Repetition priming. (6)

A

Priming

36
Q

A person’s initial belief about the probability of an outcome. (3) Prior probability See Prior. (3)

A

Prior

37
Q

When information learned previously interferes with learning new information. See also Retroactive interference. (5)

A

Proactive interference

38
Q

A situation in which there is an obstacle between a present state and a goal state and it is not immediately obvious how to get around the obstacle. (12)

A

Problem

39
Q

The initial state, goal state, and all the possible intermediate states for a particular problem. (12)

A

Problem space

40
Q

Memory for how to carry out highly practiced skills. Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory because although people can carry out a skilled behavior, they often cannot explain exactly how they are able to do so. (6)

A

Procedural memory

41
Q

A model that represents the processes involved in cognition. An example is the flow diagram for Broadbent’s model of attention. (1)

A

Process model

42
Q

The amount of information input that a person can handle. This sets a limit on the person’s ability to process information. (4)

A

Processing capacity

43
Q

People are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, just because of prior exposure to the statements. (6)

A

Propaganda effect

44
Q

A representation in which relationships are represented by symbols, as when the words of a language represent objects and the relationships between objects. (10)

A

Propositional representation

45
Q

Condition caused by damage to the temporal lobe that is characterized by an inability to recognise faces. (2)

A

Prosopagnasia

46
Q

A standard used in categorisation that is formed by averaging the category members a person has encountered in the past. (9)

A

Prototype

47
Q

The idea that we decide whether something is a member of a category by determining whether it is similar to a standard representation of the category, called a prototype. (9)

A

Prototype approach to categorisation

48
Q

The field concerned with the psychological study of language. (11)

A

Psycholinguistics

49
Q

A problem posed by Duncker that involves finding a way to destroy a tumor by radiation without damaging other organs in the body. This problem has been widely used to study the role of analogy in problem solving. (12)

A

Radiation problem

50
Q

The time it takes to react to a stimulus. This is usually determined by measuring the time between presentation of a stimulus and the response to the stimulus. Examples of responses are pushing a button, saying a word, moving the eyes, and the appearance of a particular brain wave. (1)

A

Reaction time

51
Q

A process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory. During reactivation, activity occurs in the network connecting the hippocampus and the cortex. This activity results in the formation of connections between the cortical areas. (7)

A

Reactivation

52
Q

Cognitive processes by which people start with information and come to conclusions that go beyond that information. See also Deductive reasoning; Inductive reasoning. (13)

A

Reasoning

53
Q

Subjects are asked to report stimuli they have previously seen or heard. (5)

A

Recall

54
Q

In a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, enhanced memory for words presented at the end of the list. See also Primacy effect. (6)

A

Recency effect

55
Q

Specialised neural structures that respond to environmental stimuli such light, mechanical stimulation, or chemical stimuli. (2)

A

Receptors

56
Q

Identifying a stimulus that was encountered earlier. Stimuli are presented during a study period; later, the same stimuli plus other, new stimuli are presented. The participants’ task is to pick the stimuli that were originally presented. (6)

A

Recognition memory

57
Q

A process proposed by Nader and others that occurs when a memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated. Once this occurs, the memory must be consolidated again, as it was during the initial learning. This repeat consolidation reconsolidation. (7)

A

Reconsolidation

58
Q

When used to study neural functioning, a very thin glass or metal probe that can pick up electrical signals from single neurons. (2)

A

Recording electrode

59
Q

Used in conjunction with a recording electrode to measure the difference in charge between the two. Reference electrodes are generally placed where the electrical signal remains constant, so any change in charge between the recording and reference electrodes reflects events happening near the tip of the recording electrode. (2)

A

Reference electrode

60
Q

Characteristics of the environment that occur frequently. For example, blue is associated with open sky, landscapes are often green and smooth, and verticals and horizontals are often associated with buildings. (3)

A

Regularities in the environment

61
Q

The process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for the purpose of remembering it, that keeps the stimulus active in short-term memory. (5)

A

Rehearsal

62
Q

A situation in which conditions occur that eliminate or reduce the decrease in performance caused by proactive interference. See the Wickens experiment described in Chapter 6. (6)

A

Release from proactive interference

63
Q

A procedure in which subjects are presented with a stimulus they have encountered before and are asked to indicate remember, if they remember the circumstances under which they initially encountered it, know, if the stimulus seems familiar but they don’t remember experiencing it earlier. (6)

A

Remember/know procedure

64
Q

The empirical finding that people over 40 years old have enhanced memory for events from adolescence and early adulthood, compared to other periods of their lives. (8)

A

Reminiscence bump

65
Q

Recall that is tested immediately after an event and then retested at various times after the event. (8)

A

Repeated recall

66
Q

A method of measuring memory in which a person is asked to reproduce a stimulus on repeated occasions at longer and longer intervals after the original presentation of the material to be remembered. (8)

A

Repeated reproduction

67
Q

When an initial presentation of a stimulus affects the person’s response to the same stimulus when it is presented later. (6)

A

Repetition priming

68
Q

The probability that an event A comes from class B can be determined by how well A resembles the properties of class B. (13)

A

Representativeness heuristic

69
Q

Difference in charge between the inside and outside of a nerve fiber when the fiber is at rest (no other electrical signals are present). (2)

A

Resting potential

70
Q

The process of changing a problem’s representation. According to the Gestalt psychologists, restructuring is the key mechanism of problem solving. (12)

A

Restructuring

71
Q

Procedure in which a person must take an active step to choose a course of action - for example, choosing to be an organ donor. (13)

A

Opt-in procedure

175.206 Cognition And Memory (6 decks)

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