Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

175.206 Cognition And Memory > Glossary 3 > Flashcards

Glossary 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Reasoning in which a conclusion follows from a consideration of evi dence. This conclusion is stated as being probably true rather than definitely true, as can be the case for the conclusions from deductive reasoning. (13)

A

Inductive reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In language, the process by which readers create information that is not explic itly stated in the text. (11)

A

Inference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The approach to psychology, developed beginning in the 1950s, in which the mind is described as processing information through a sequence of stages. (1)

A

Information-processing approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In problem solving, the conditions at the beginning of a problem. (12)

A

Initial state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Units in a connectionist network that are activated by stimulation from the environment. See also Connectionist network; Hidden units; Output units. (9)

A

Input units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sudden realization of a problem’s solution. (12)

A

Insight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

An inference about tools or methods that occurs while reading text or listening to speech. See also Anaphoric inference; Causal inference. (11)

A

Instrument inference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The idea that information provided by both syntax and semantics is taken into account simultaneously as we read or listen to a sentence. Contrasts with the syntax-first approach. (11)

A

Interactionist approach to parsing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In problem solving, the various conditions that exist along the path ways between the initial and goal states. (12)

A

Intermediate states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Task of determining the object that caused a particular image on the retina. (3)

A

Inverse projection problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Observing people to determine how they solve problems in real-world situations. This technique has been used to study the use ofanalogy in a num ber of different settings, including laboratory meetings of a university research group and design brainstorming sessions in an industrial research and development department. (12)

A

In vivo problem-solving research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Problem in which the task is to remember an object’s location and to choose that location after a delay. Associated with research on the where processing stream. (3)

A

Landmark discrimination problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A system of communication using sounds or symbols that enables us to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences. (11)

A

Language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In parsing, when a person encounters a new word, the parser assumes that this word is part of the current phrase. (11)

A

Late closure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A model of selective attention that proposes that selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after the information in the message has been analysed for meaning. (4)

A

Late selection model of attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mechanism that results in screening out irrelevant stimuli. (12)

A

Late inhibition (LI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The larger the number of individuals that are randomly drawn from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be of the entire population. (13)

A

Law of large numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A topic can be understood by studying it at a number of different levels of a system. (2)

A

Level of analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The idea that memory depends on how information is encoded, with better memory being achieved when processing is deep than when processing is shallow. Deep processing involves attention to and is associated with elaborative rehearsal. Shallow processing involves repetition with little attention to meaning and is associated with maintenance rehearsal. (7)

A

Levels of processing theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When a word can have more than one meaning. For example, bug can mean an insect, a listening device, to annoy, or a problem in a computer program. (11)

A

Lexical ambiguity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A procedure in which a person is asked to decide as quickly as possible whether a particular stimulus is a word or a nonword. (9, 11)

A

Lexical decision task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A person’s knowledge of what words mean, how they sound and how they are used, in relation to other words, (11)

A

Lexicon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The assumption that light is coming from above. This is a heuristic that can influence how we perceive three-dimensional objects that are illuminated. (3)

A

Light-from-above assumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In Bayesian inference, the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome. (3)

A

Likelihood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Part of Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference that states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received. (3)

A

Likelihood principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Proposal that the ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depends on the load of the task the person is carrying out. High-load tasks result in less distraction. (4)

A

Load theory of attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Location of specific functions in specific areas of the brain. For example, areas have been identified that are specialized to process information involved in the perception of movement, form, speech, and different aspects of memory. (2)

A

Localisation of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Computer program devised by Alan Newell and Herbert Simon that was able to solve logic problems. (1)

A

Logic theorist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A memory mechanism that can hold large amounts of information for long periods of time. Long-term memory is one of the stages in the modal model of memory. (6)

A

Long-term memory (LTM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The increased firing that occurs in a neuron due to prior activity at the synapse, (7)

A

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

A task that uses few resources, leaving some capacity to handle other tasks. (4)

A

Low-load task

32
Q

Brain imaging technique that create images of the structures within the brain. See also Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). (2)

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

33
Q

Rehearsal that involves repetition without any consideration of meaning or making connections to other information. Compare to Elaborative rehearsal. (7)

A

Maintenance rehearsal

34
Q

Some meanings of words occur more frequently than others. (11)

A

Meaning dominance

35
Q

A problem-solving strategy that seeks to reduce the difference between the initial and goal states. This is achieved by creating subgoals, intermediate states that are closer to the goal. (12)

A

Means-end analysis

36
Q

The processes involved in retaining, retrieving and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present. (5)

A

Memory

37
Q

Determining the amount of time needed to carry out a cognitive task. (10)

A

Mental chronometry

38
Q

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. (10)

A

Mental imagery

39
Q

A specific situation that is represented in a person’s mind. (13)

A

Mental model

40
Q

In deductive reasoning, determining if syllogisms are valid by creating mental models of situations based on the premises of the syllogism. (13)

A

Mental model approach

41
Q

Rotating an image of an object in the mind. (5)

A

Mental rotation

42
Q

A process of mental imagery in which a person scans a mental image in his or her mind. (10)

A

Mental scanning

43
Q

A preconceived notion about how to approach a problem based on a person’s experience or what has worked in the past. (12)

A

Mental set

44
Q

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory, in which a person travels back in time in his or her mind to reexperience events that happened in the past. (6)

A

Mental time travel

45
Q

A task used in imagery experiments in which participants are asked to form a mental image of an object and to imagine that they are walking toward this mental image. (10)

A

Mental walk task

46
Q

A method for remembering things in which the things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout. See also Pegword technique. (10)

A

Method of loci

47
Q

Small wires that are used to record electrical signals from single neurons (2)

A

Microelectrodes

48
Q

System that creates mental representations of the world and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning. (1)

A

Mind

49
Q

Neurons in the premotor cortex, originally discovered in the monkey, that respond both when a monkey observes someone else (usually the experimenter) carrying out an action and when the monkey itself carries out the action. There is also evidence for mirror neurons in humans. (9)

A

Mirror neurons

50
Q

Misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event changes how the person describes that event later. (8)

A

Misinformation effect

51
Q

The misleading information that causes the misinformation effect. (8)

A

Misleading postevent information (MPI)

52
Q

The model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin that describes memory as a mechanism that involves processing information through a series of stages, including short-term memory and long-term memory. It is called the modal model because it contained features of many models that were being proposed in the 1960s. (5)

A

Modal model of memory

53
Q

The smallest unit of language that has a definable meaning or a grammatical function. For example, truck consists of a number of phonemes but only one morpheme, because none of the components that create the word truck means anything. (11)

A

Morpheme

54
Q

Seeking to describe how concepts are represented in the brain by searching for multiple factors that determine how concepts are divided up within a category. (9)

A

Multiple-factor approach

55
Q

The idea that the hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of remote memories, especially episodic memories. This contrasts with the standard model of memory, which proposes that the hippocampus is involved only in the retrieval of recent memories. (7)

A

Multiple trace model of consolidation

56
Q

A problem that has been used to study how the statement of a problem influences a person’s ability to reach a solution. (12)

A

Mutilated checkerboard problem

57
Q

Type of confirmation bias in which people generate and test hypotheses in a way that is biased toward their own opinions and attitudes. (13)

A

Myside bias

58
Q

The idea that we remember some life events better because we rehearse them. This idea was proposed by Neisser as an explanation for “flashbulb” memories. (8)

A

Narrative rehearsal hypothesis

59
Q

An electrical response that is propagated down the length of an axon (nerve fiber). Also called an Action potential. (2)

A

Nerve impulse

60
Q

A network of continuously interconnected nerve fibers (as contrasted with neural networks, in which fibers are connected by synapses). (2)

A

Nerve net

61
Q

Group of interconnected neurons that are responsible for neural processing. (2)

A

Neural circuit

62
Q

Using a neural response, usually brain activation measured by fMRI to determine what a person is perceiving or thinking. (5)

A

Neural mind reading

63
Q

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected together. (2)

A

Neural network

64
Q

Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person’s nervous system. (2)

A

Neural representation, principle of

65
Q

An approach to studying decision making that combines research from the fields of psychology, neuroscience, and economics. (13)

A

Neuroeconomics

66
Q

Cell that is specialized to receive and transmit information in the nervous system. (2)

A

Neuron

67
Q

The idea that individual cells called neurons transmit signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by nerve net theory. (2)

A

Neuron doctrine

68
Q

The study of the behavioral effects of brain damage in humans. (2)

A

Neuropsychology

69
Q

Chemical that is released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials. (2)

A

Neurotransmitter

70
Q

A problem in which the task is to remember an object based on its shape and choose it when presented with another object after a delay. Associated with research on the what processing stream. (3)

A

Object discrimination problem

71
Q

The finding that vertical and horizontal orientations can be perceived more easily than other (slanted) orientations. (3)

A

Oblique effect

72
Q

The lobe at the back of the brain that is devoted primarily to analyzing incoming visual information. (2)

A

Occipital lobe

73
Q

Type of conditioning championed by B. F. Skinner, which focuses on how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers, such as food or social approval, or withdrawal of negative reinforcers, such as a shock or social rejection. (1)

A

Operant conditioning

74
Q

In problem solving, permissible moves that can be made toward a problem’s solution. (12)

A

Operators

75
Q

In a decision-making situation, emotions not directly caused by the act of having to make a decision. (13)

A

Incidental emotions

175.206 Cognition And Memory (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions