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175.206 Cognition And Memory > Glossary 2 > Flashcards

Glossary 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The number of digits a person can remember. Digit span is used a a measure of the capacity of short-term memory. (5)

A

Digit span

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2
Q

Model of pain perception that proposes that pain signals are sent directly from receptors to the brain. (3)

A

Direct pathway model

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3
Q

Occurs when one stimulus interferes with attention to or the processing of another stimulus. (4)

A

Distraction

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4
Q

Occurs when a specific cognition activates many areas of the brain. (2)

A

Distributed representation

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5
Q

Thinking that is open-ended, involving a large number of potential solutions. (12)

A

Divergent thinking

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6
Q

The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously. (4)

A

Divided attention

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7
Q

A situation in which a single dissociation can be demonstrated in one person and the opposite type of single dissociation can be demonstrated in another person (i.e., Person I: function A is present, function B is damaged; Person 2: function A is damaged, function B is present). (2)

A

Double dissociation

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8
Q

The idea that there are two mental systems, one fast and the other slower, that have different capabilities and serve different functions. (13)

A

Dual systems approach

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9
Q

Model of attention that explains selective attention by early filtering out of the unattended message. In Broadbent’s early selection model, the filtering step occurs before the message is analyzed to determine its meaning. (4)

A

Early selection model

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10
Q

Brief sensory memory for auditory stimuli that lasts for a few seconds after a stimulus is extinguished. (5)

A

Echoic memory

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11
Q

Rehearsal that involves thinking about the meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge. Compare to Maintenance rehearsal. (7)

A

Elaborative rehearsal

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12
Q

Proposal that our knowledge of concepts is based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with an object. (9)

A

Embodied approach

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13
Q

The process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory. (7)

A

Encoding

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14
Q

The principle that we learn information together with its context. This means that presence of the context can lead to enhanced memory for the information. (7)

A

Encoding specificity

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15
Q

A phenomenon that accompanies a mechanism but is not actually part of the mechanism. An example of an epiphenomenon is lights that flash on a mainframe computer as it operates. (10)

A

Epiphenomenon

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16
Q

A component added to Baddeley’s original working memory model that serves as a “backup” store that communicates with both LTM and the components of working memory. It holds information longer and has greater capacity than the phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad. (5)

A

Episodic buffer

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17
Q

During learning in a connectionist network, the difference between the output signal generated by a particular stimulus and the output that actually represents that stimulus. (9)

A

Error signal

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18
Q

An electrical potential, recorded with disc electrodes on a on’s scalp, that reflects the response of many thousands of neurons near the electrode that fire together. The ERP consists of a number of waves that occur at different delays after a stimulus is presented and that can be linked to different functions. For example, the N400 wave occurs in response to a sentence that contains a word that doesn’t fit the meaning of sentence. (5)

A

Event-related potential (ERP)

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19
Q

The idea that many properties of our minds can be traced to the evolutionary principles of natural selection. See also Social exchange theory. (13)

A

Evolutionary perspective on cognition

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20
Q

In categorization, members of a category that a person has experienced in past. (9)

A

Exemplar

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21
Q

The approach to categorisation in which members of a category are judged against exemplars - examples of members of the category that the person has encountered in the past. (9)

A

Exemplar approach to categorization

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22
Q

Emotion that a person predicts he or she will feel for a particular out come of a decision. (13)

A

Expected emotion

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23
Q

The idea that people are basically rational, so if they have all of the relevant information, they will make a decision that results in the most beneficial result. (13)

A

Expected utility theory

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24
Q

A mechanism that causes an organism’s neurons to develop so they respond best to the type of stimulation to which the organism has been exposed. (3)

A

Experience-dependent plasticity

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25
Q

Person who, by devoting a large amount of time to learning about a field and practicing and applying that learning, has become acknowledged as being extremely skilled or knowledgeable in that field. (12)

A

Expert

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26
Q

Memory that involves conscious recollections of events or facts that we have learned in the past. (6)

A

Explicit memory

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27
Q

An area in the temporal cortex that is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies, but not by faces or other objects. (2)

A

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

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28
Q

Testimony by eyewitnesses to a crime about what they saw during commission of the crime. (8)

A

Eyewitness testimony

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29
Q

The reasoning principle that to test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule. (13)

A

Falsification principle

30
Q

In considering the process of categorisation, the idea that things in a particular category resemble each other in a number of ways. This approach can be contrasted with the definitional approach, which states that an object belongs to a category only when it meets a definite set of criteria. (9)

A

Family resemblance

31
Q

Neurons that respond to specific visual features, such as orientation, size, or the more complex features that make up environmental stimuli. (2)

A

Feature detectors

32
Q

An approach to object perception, developed by Anne Treisman, that proposes a sequence of stages in which features are first analyzed and then combined to result in perception of an object. (4)

A

Feature integration theory

33
Q

Searching among distractors for a target item that involves detecting one feature, such as “horizontal.” (4)

A

Feature search

34
Q

Model of attention that proposes a filter that lets attended stimuli through and blocks some or all of the unattended stimuli. (4)

A

Filter model of attention

35
Q

A technique, based on detection of how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers, for tracing nerve pathways and determining connections. (2)

A

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

36
Q

In perception and attention, a pausing of the eyes on places of interest while observing a scene. (4)

A

Fixation

37
Q

In problem solving, people’s tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of the problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution. See also Functional fixedness. (12)

A

Fixation

38
Q

Memory for the circumstances surrounding hearing about shocking, highly charged events. It has been claimed that such memories are particularly vivid and accurate. See Narrative rehearsal hypothesis another viewpoint. (8)

A

Flashbulb memory

39
Q

The second stage of Treisman’s feature integration theory. According to the theory, attention causes the combination of features into perception of an object. (4)

A

Focused attention stage

40
Q

An intense desire to eat a specific food. (10)

A

Food craving

41
Q

Decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated. (3)

A

Framing effect

42
Q

A procedure for testing memory in which the participant is asked to remember stimuli that were previously presented. See also Cued recall. (7)

A

Free recall

43
Q

The lobe in the front of the brain that serves higher functions such as language, thought, memory, and motor functioning. (2)

A

Frontal lobe

44
Q

An effect that occurs when the ideas a person has about an object’s function inhibit the person’s ability to use the object for a different function. See also Fixation (in problem solving). (12)

A

Functional fixedness

45
Q

A brain imaging technique that measures how blood flow changes in response to cognitive activity. (2)

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

46
Q

An area in the temporal lobe that contains many neurons that respond selectively to faces. (2)

A

Fusiform face area (FFA)

47
Q

A sentence in which the meaning that seems to be implied at the beginning of the sentence turns out to be incorrect, based on information that is presented later in the sentence. (11)

A

Garden path sentence

48
Q

Memory for material is better when a person generates the material him or herself, rather than passively receiving it. (7)

A

Generation effect

49
Q

A group of psychologists who proposed principles governing perception, such as laws of organization, and a perceptual approach to problem solving involving restructuring. (3)

A

Gestalt psychologists

50
Q

In a conversation, a speaker should construct sentences so that they contain both given information (information that the listener already knows) and new information (information that the listener is hearing for the first time). (11)

A

Given-new contract

51
Q

The highest level in Rosch’s categorization scheme (e.g., “furniture” or “vehicles”). See also Basic level; Specific level. (9)

A

Global level

52
Q

In problem solving, the condition that occurs when a problem has been solved. (12)

A

Goal state

53
Q

Law of perceptual organization stating that points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together. In addition, lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path. (3)

A

Good continuation, principle of

54
Q

Disruption of performance due to damage to a system that occurs only gradually as parts of the system are damaged. This occurs in some cases of brain damage and also when parts of a connectionist network are damaged. (9)

A

Graceful degradation

55
Q

When amnesia is most severe for events that occurred just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, more remote events. (7)

A

Graded amnesia

56
Q

When people in a problem-solving group are encouraged to express whatever ideas come to mind, without censorship. (12)

A

Group brainstorming

57
Q

A “rule of thumb” that provides a best-guess solution to a problem. (13)

A

Heuristic

58
Q

Units in a connectionist network that are located between input units and output units. See also Connectionist network: Input units: output units. (9)

A

Hidden units

59
Q

As applied to knowledge representation, a model that consists of levels arranged so that more specific concepts, such as canary or salmon, are at the bottom and more general concepts, such as bird, fish, or animal, are at higher levels. (9)

A

Hierarchical model

60
Q

Organisation of categories in which larger, more general categories are divided into smaller, more specific categories. These smaller categories can, in turn, be divided into even more specific categories to create a number of levels. (9)

A

Hierarchical organisation

61
Q

Processing that occurs in a progression from lower to higher areas of the brain. (2)

A

Hierarchical processing

62
Q

A task that uses most or all of a person’s resources and so leaves little capacity to handle other tasks. (4)

A

High-load task

63
Q

A subcortical structure that is important for forming long-term memories, and that also plays a role in remote episodic memories and in short-term storage of novel information. (6)

A

Hippocampus

64
Q

A model of semantic knowledge that proposes that areas of the brain that are associated with different functions are connected to the anterior temporal lobe, which integrates information from these areas. (9)

A

Hub and spoke model

65
Q

Brief sensory memory for visual stimuli that lasts for a fraction of a second after a stimulus is extinguished. This corresponds to the sensory memory stage of the modal model of memory. (5)

A

Iconic memory

66
Q

A situation, demonstrated in experiments by Anne Treisman, in which features from different objects are inappropriately combined. (4)

A

Illusory conjunctions

67
Q

A correlation that appears to exist between two events, when in reality there is no correlation or it is weaker than it is assumed to be. (13)

A

Illusory correlation

68
Q

The debate about whether thought is possible in the absence of images. (10)

A

Imageless thought debate

69
Q

The debate about whether imagery is based on spatial mechanisms, such as those involved in perception, or on propositional mechanisms that are related to language. (10)

A

Imagery debate

70
Q

A type of category-specific neuron that is activated by imagery. (10)

A

Imagery neuron

71
Q

Memory that occurs when an experience affects a person’s behavior, even though the person is not aware that he or she has had the experience. (6)

A

Implicit memory

72
Q

Not noticing something even though it is in clear view, usually caused by failure to pay attention to the object or the place where the object is located. See also Change blindness. (4)

A

Inattentional blindness

175.206 Cognition And Memory (6 decks)

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