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The Making of a Superpower > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Accomodation

A

Acceptance of economic, political, and social circumstances not of your own making or liking

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2
Q

Agribusiness

A

The business of agricultural production. It includes breeding, crop production, distribution, farm machinery, processing, supply, marketing and retail sales

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3
Q

Allies

A

The countries fighting against Germany including Britain, France, Belgium and Russia

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4
Q

Alsace-Lorraine

A

Area of France taken by Germany after the 1871 Franco-Prussian War

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5
Q

Anarchism

A

Belief in no government, no private ownership and the sharing out of wealth

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6
Q

Annex

A

To incorporate a territory into an existing political unit such as a country, state, county, or city

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7
Q

Anti-Semitic

A

Hostility towards or discrimination against Jews as a religious group or race

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8
Q

Arbitration

A

Where two opposing sides go to a neutral body for a judgment in their dispute

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9
Q

Associated power

A

Power not formally allied to other countries fighting against a common enemy, therefore having independence as to military strategy and the subsequent peace settlement

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10
Q

Ballistic missiles

A

Missiles (rockets) that follow a ballistic flightpath moving under the force of gravity with the objective of delivering one or more warheads to a predetermined target

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11
Q

Belligerents

A

Countries engaged in warfare

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12
Q

Bible belt

A

Area of Southern USA where Christian belief is strong

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13
Q

Bimetallists

A

Those who wanted both silver and gold used in the coinage

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14
Q

Bipartisan

A

Supported by members of two parties

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15
Q

Black press

A

A term used to describe newspapers, magazines and periodicals aimed at a largely black audience

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16
Q

Blackleg labour

A

Strike-breakers

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17
Q

Blockade

A

The surrounding or blocking of a place

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18
Q

The Blue Eagle

A

A symbol used in the US by companies to show compliance with the National Industrial Recovery Act

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19
Q

Boll weevil

A

An insect which attacked the cotton crop, eating its buds and flowers

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20
Q

Bonanza farms

A

Very large farms in the US peforming large scale operations, mostly growing and harvesting wheat

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21
Q

Boom

A

When the economy of a country is rapidly developing

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22
Q

British blockade of Germany

A

British naval blockade to prevent goods leaving and entering German ports.

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23
Q

Bull market

A

A time when share prices are rising

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24
Q

Bureau of Indian Affairs

A

The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), also known as the Office of Indian Affairs, was set up in 1824 to centralise the work with Native Americans within the War department..

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25
Q

Cartel

A

A group of companies agreeing to fix output and prices in order to reduce competition and increase profits

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26
Q

Central powers

A

Germany and its allies such as Austria-Hungary and Turkey

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27
Q

Civil disobedience

A

A non-violent way of protesting in order to achieve political goals

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28
Q

Civil rights

A

Having the vote in free elections; equal treatment under the law; equal opportunities eg in education and work; freedom of speech, religion and movement

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29
Q

Cold War

A

Confrontation without actually directly fighting each other

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30
Q

Colonisation

A

The forming of a settlement or colony by a group of people who seek to take control of territories or countries. It usually involved large scale immigration of people to a new location ad the expansion of their civilisation and culture into this area

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31
Q

Concessions

A

Favourable trading rights

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32
Q

Conscript

A

Someone compulsorily enrolled for service in the armed forces

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33
Q

Constitution

A

A document containing the rules by which a country is to be governed. The American constitution originally had seven articles, the first of which described the role of congress and the second that of a president

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34
Q

Consumerism

A

An increase in the production of consumer goods on the grounds that high spending is the basis of a sound economy

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35
Q

Corollary

A

A statement that follows on from another statement

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36
Q

Declaration of independence

A

This is the name of the statement made on 4 July 1776 which announced that the original thirteen American colonies, then at war with Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent colonies, no longer a part of the British Empire

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37
Q

Deflation

A

A fall in prices and goods

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38
Q

Defoliants

A

Chemicals sprayed on plants to remove their leaves

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39
Q

Detente

A

An easing of strained relations

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40
Q

Devalued the dollar

A

The value of the dollar was reduced against the other major currencies to encourage exports and improve the country’s trade deficit

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41
Q

Direct action

A

The use of acts such as strikes, marches, and demonstrations to achieve a political or sociel end

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42
Q

Dominion

A

A self governing nation within the British empire

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43
Q

Domino theory

A

The belief that if one state fell to communism it would be quickly followed by neighbouring states

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44
Q

Embargo

A

An official ban on trade or commercial activity

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45
Q

Entrepenuer

A

A person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of making profits

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46
Q

Espionage

A

Spying

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47
Q

Expansionist

A

Following a policy of territorial expansion

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48
Q

Federal Reserve Board

A

A centralised system that allowed banks to run their own affairs with only limited government interference

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49
Q

Federal system of government

A

There is a central system of government and also state governments. Each state has its own powers that are not subject to interference from central government.

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50
Q

Feminist

A

Supporter of women’s rights who believes that men and women are equal in all areas

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51
Q

Fenians

A

An Irish republican organisation set up in the USA in 1858, fighting for Irish independence in Britain

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52
Q

Free trade

A

International trade that is left to run its course according to market forces and is not subject to duties or taxes

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53
Q

Ghetto

A

A densely populated area of a city inhabited by a socially anc economically deprived minority

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54
Q

GNP

A

Gross National Product (GNP) is the market value of all the products and servicees produced in one year by labour and property supplied by the citizens of a country. The total value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a particular year

55
Q

Gold standard

A

Where the value of money is based on the amount of the nation’s gold reserves

56
Q

Good Neighbor

A

Foreign policy adopted by Roosevelt to mend and improve relations with Latin America

57
Q

Great Powers

A

The most powerful countries such as Russia, Britain, and Germany

58
Q

Guerrilla

A

A member of an irregular armed force that fights a stronger force by sabotage and harrassment

59
Q

Hemispheric

A

Relating to the western or eastern or noethern or southern part of the world. In this case, it refers to the North and South America

60
Q

Hire purchase

A

A system of credit whereby a person may purchase an item by making regular payments while already having the use of said item

61
Q

Holding company

A

Where one very large company obtains a controlling interest in smaller companies in order to control the market

62
Q

Hun

A

Derogatory term for Germans, derived from Huns, a warlike tribe renowed for their cruelty and barbarism in the fifth century

63
Q

Impeachment

A

This is a formal process in which an official is accused of unlawful activity

64
Q

Inauguration

A

The ceremony that begins the president’s term of office

65
Q

Indochina

A

The region of south eat asia that was a colony of france

66
Q

Inflation

A

Rise in prices due to more money being in circulation

67
Q

Iron curtain

A

An imaginary border between Communist and non communist countries. Winston Churchill coined the term in 1946

68
Q

Isolationism

A

A policy by which the USA detached itself from foreign affairs. A policy of non involvement and non intervention in other government’s internal affairs and wars

69
Q

Jim Crow army

A

A refernce to the AA serving in the segregated military in WWII

70
Q

Labour battalions

A

Troops who worked in construction or loading or transportation of equipment rather than serving in combat

71
Q

Labour intensive crops

A

Cotton and tobacco required more workers than other crops because machinery could not always be used

72
Q

Labour unions

A

Us term for a tradw union formed to look after the interests of its members

73
Q

Laissez Faire

A

A policy of direct government interference in the economy

74
Q

Legalistic

A

Following the letter of the law

75
Q

Manhattan Project

A

A research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during WWII

76
Q

Mechanisation

A

The use of machines

77
Q

Middle America

A

The traditional or conservative people of the middle class in the US

78
Q

Military-industrial complex

A

A network of individuals and institutions involved in the production of weapons and military technologies

79
Q

Mobilisation

A

Gearing the country for war, including recruiting, equipping and transporting the military

80
Q

Munich Agreement

A

This was signed in Sept 1938 by Britain, France, Germany and Italy. It allowed Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia

81
Q

Munitions

A

Weapons and ammunition

82
Q

Napalm

A

An inflammable sticky jelly used in bombs in order to set fire to people, trees and buildings

83
Q

Native plutocracy

A

Wealthy, white Americans who controlled the government of the USA

84
Q

Nativism

A

The policy of protecting the interests of native born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants

85
Q

NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)

A

Members included the US, Britain, France, Luxembourg, Holland, Belgium, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland

86
Q

Nomadic

A

The Native Indians did not live in any one place permanently. They followed the buffalo herds, living in tepee villages that could be quickly assembled or demolished in response to the movement of the buffalo.

87
Q

Nordic

A

This relates to a group or physical type of the Caucasian race characterised by their tall stature, long head, light skin and hair, and blue eyes origninating in Scandanavia.

88
Q

Normalcy

A

Harding meant by this a return to the situation before WWI which he believed to be the norm, of as little government intervention as possible at home and in foreign affairs

89
Q

Open door policy

A

This was a term first used to guarantee the protection of equal priviliges among countries trading with China. The policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis thus no international power would have total control of the country

90
Q

Pan American

A

Relating to all countries on the American continent

91
Q

Peace societies

A

Various groups set up in the USA in the 1920s to encourage support for peace. One example wad the World Peace Association

92
Q

Per capita income

A

A measure of the amount of money that is being earned per person in a certain country

93
Q

Philanthropy

A

Showing a concern for human welfare and advancement, usually manifested by donations of money, property, or work to needy persons

94
Q

Poverty line

A

The income level at which a family is unable to meet its basic needs

95
Q

Primary election

A

An early stage of voting in which the whole electorate can choose a political party’s candidates for election rather than having the candidates chosen for them by the party

96
Q

Prohibition

A

The prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol

97
Q

Protectorate

A

A state that is controlled and protected by another. For example, after the US Navy took possession of eastern Samoa on the behalf of the US, the existing coaling station at Pago Pago Bay was expanded into a full naval station. In 1911, the US Naval Station Tutuila, which was composed of Tutuila, Aunu’u and Manu’a, was officially renamed American Samoa

98
Q

Pump priming

A

The activity of helping a business, programme, economy etc to develop by giving it money

99
Q

Puppet emperor

A

A ruler controlled by others

100
Q

Rediscount rates

A

The interest rate at which banks borrow money from the Federal Reserve Banks

101
Q

Reparations

A

War damages to be paid by a defeated country

102
Q

Secede

A

To withdraw from an organisation

103
Q

Secretary of State

A

US official responsible for the administration of foreign policy

104
Q

Sectional

A

Political, economic and social differences between the North and South

105
Q

Separatism

A

Keeping races apart. Two separate countries for black and white Americans

106
Q

Sharecroppers

A

These were tenant farmers. A landlord allows a tenant to use an area of land in return for a portion of the crop produced on the land

107
Q

Simo-Us

A

relations between America and China

108
Q

Speakeasy

A

An illegal drinking shop

109
Q

Speculators

A

Speculators are risk taking investors with expertise in the market/markets in which they are trading

110
Q

Spoils system

A

The practise whereby a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party- as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity

111
Q

State of the Union Address

A

The US President’s message to the country at the start of a new session of Congress

112
Q

Stocks and shares

A

Certificates of ownership in a company

113
Q

Syncopation

A

This refers to the off-beat rhythms that characterise jazz music

114
Q

Tariffs

A

Taxes on imported goods from other countries

115
Q

Totalitarianism

A

When political regimes suppress political opposition and control all aspects of people’s lives

116
Q

Trench warfare

A

The defensive network on the Weston Front in which millions died

117
Q

Unconditional surrender

A

Surrender without conditions, in which no guarantees are given to the country that is surrendering

118
Q

Unrestricted submarine warfare

A

Attacking any ship en route to an enemy port

119
Q

Vertical integration

A

When a company expands its business into areas that are at different points on the same production path, such as when a manufacturer owns its supplier and/or distributor

120
Q

Vietminh

A

The League for the Independence of Vietnam, a nationalist and Communist dominated organisation, later known as the Vietcong.

121
Q

War bonds

A

Debt securities issued by a government to finance military operations and other expenditure in terms of war

122
Q

War indeminity

A

Compensation from a defeated nation to the victors following a war

123
Q

War profiteering

A

Making excess profits during war time eg by charging artificially high proces

124
Q

‘Yellow press’

A

The term used to describe the sensationalist journalism of the 1890s. Journalists such as William Randolph and Joseph Pulitzer competed with each other to print stories about apparent Spanish atrocities in Cuba including the ill-treatment of female prisoners. It became known as the Yellow Press after a cartoon character called the Yellow Kid, from Pulitzer’s New York World.

125
Q

Youth culture

A

The beliefs, attitudes and interests of teenagers

126
Q

abolitionist

A

someone who campaigns for an end to slavery

127
Q

American Federation Labor (AFL)

A

the first federation of labour unions in the US, founded in Ohio in May 1866 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor association

128
Q

banking holiday

A

a complete freeze on bank activity proposed by Herbert Hoover and then implemented by Franklin Roosevelt son. after he came president in 1933

129
Q

‘Beat generation’

A

a term centred on the ‘alternative’ cultural community of Greenwich Village in New York City; Beat writers experimented with new cultural forms, rejected traditional moral standards and were known for using illegal drugs

130
Q

brinkmanship

A

taking disputes to the brink of war before accepting agreements

131
Q

California Golf rush

A

the discovery of golf at Sutter’s Mill in California in 1848 led to a full scale gold rush in 1849; this intensified interest in the west, and lee to new routes across the lands west of the mississippi, and san francisco, california, rapidly developed into a major seaport city

132
Q

carpetbaggers

A

a term or abused use to describe northern merchants and political agents accused of robbing valuables from the defeated south and carrying their loot away in rolled up stolen carpets

133
Q

cartels and trusts

A

corporations and combinations of companies who joined together to raise more capital (money for investment) in order to gain control of key markets

134
Q

Confederation

A

the joining together between 1867 and 1871 of the various provinces to strengthen the unity of the dominion of canada, recently granted self rule by britain

The Making of a Superpower (12 decks)

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