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Physiology > Glomurulus > Flashcards

Glomurulus Flashcards

1
Q

1 – What is the relationship between the clearance © and the extraction coeff. (E) of glucose? (RPF = Renal Plasma Flow)

A

C = ERPF * E

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2
Q

2 – Choose the correct statement
A) For creatinine, the filtered amount is always greater than the excreted amount.
B) For inulin, the filtered amount is always less than excreted amount.
C) For PAH, the filtered amount is always greater than the excreted amount.
D) For inulin, the filtered amount is always greater than the excreted amount.
E) For glucose, the filtered amount is always greater than the excreted amount.

A

E) For glucose, the filtered amount is always greater than the excreted amount.

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3
Q

Which of the following has the strongest influence on the composition of the glomerular filtrate?
A) Vascular Smooth muscle cells
B) Mesangial cells
C) Podocytes
D) Basement membrane of glomerular capillaries
E) Endothelial cells

A

D) Basement membrane of glomerular capillaries

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4
Q

Find the correct sequence established according to the magnitude of the parameters below (each given in ml/min).

A

D) RBF>RPF>GFR>Diuresis

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5
Q

Choose the correct statement.
A) Intake of large amounts of alcohol results in osmotic diuresis (osmotic diuresis bcs excessive excretion ofglucose(hyperglacemia),urea,mannitol)
B) Free water clearance is always greater in case of urinary concentration than in case of urinary dilution
C) Intake of large amounts of water results in osmotic diuresis
D) Prostaglandins cause urinary concentration (urinary dilute)
E) Free water clearance is negative in the case of urinary concentration

A

E) Free water clearance is negative in the case of urinary concentration

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6
Q

Which of the following are located in the renal cortex:
1 – Glomerulum of cortical nephron
2 - Glomerulum of juxtamedulary nephron
3 – Cortical collecting duct
4 – Medullary collecting duct

A

1 – Glomerulum of cortical nephron
2 - Glomerulum of juxtamedulary nephron
3 – Cortical collecting duct

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7
Q

Which one result in increased cortico-medullary osmotic gradient:
1 – Increase Na reabsorption from the thick ascending
2 – ANP
3 – Decrease blood flow in the vassal recta system
4 – Furosemide

A

1 – Increase Na reabsorption from the thick ascending

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8
Q

– Which one of the followings may result in reduction of glomerular filtration rate?
1 – Constriction of afferent arteriole
2 – Constriction of efferent arteriole
3 – Reduction o renal plasma flow
4 – Reduction of NaCl concentration in the fluid of distal convoluted tubule.

A

Constriction of afferent arteriole
Reduction o renal plasma flow

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9
Q

Which of the following are characteristic of juxtamedullary nephron
– They contain well developed thin ascending limb.
2 – Their hairpin turn is in the papillary region of the medulla
3 – Their glomeruli are located in the renal cortex
4 – They represent 15% of the total nephron population in humans.

A

– They contain well developed thin ascending limb.
2 – Their hairpin turn is in the papillary region of the medulla
3 – Their glomeruli are located in the renal cortex
4 – They represent 15% of the total nephron population in humans.

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10
Q

9 – Which are the most prominent differences in the filtration process of glomerular capillary and a systemic capillary? Choose the FALSE
A – Oncotic pressure of the plasma gradually increase from the afferent to the efferent glomerular capillary
B – Filtration and reabsorption are spatially separated in the kidney involving different vascular element.
C – Hydrostatic pressure inside the glomerular capillary sharply increase from afferent to efferent
D – There is no significant differences in the oncotic pressure of the plasma measured at the arteriole and venous end of systemic capillary
E – Hydrostatic pressure inside the systemic capillary sharply decreases from the arteriole to the venous end.

A

Hydrostatic pressure inside the glomerular capillary sharply increase from afferent to efferent

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11
Q

10 – Find the correct sequence established according to increase of the magnitude of extraction coefficient of substance:
A – PAH < creatinine < inulin <glucose
B – Glucose < PAH < inulin < creatinine
C – Glucose < inulin < creatinine < PAH
D – Glucose < PAH < creatinine < inulin.
E – PAH < glucose < creatinine < inulin.

A

C – Glucose < inulin < creatinine < PAH

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12
Q

Which of the following is/are located in the renal cortex?
1 – loop of henle of juxtamedullary nephrons
2 – glomeruli of cortical nephron
3 – Vasa recta vessels
4 – Glomerulli of juxtamedullary nephrons

A

2 – glomeruli of cortical nephron
4 – Glomerulli of juxtamedullary nephrons

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13
Q

During urinary concentration in which tubular segment is the osmotic concentration of the filtrate the highest?
A) Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
B) Distal convoluted tubule
C) Proximal Tubule
D) Hairpin turn of the Loop of Henle

A

D) Hairpin turn of the Loop of Henle

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14
Q

Vasa recta vessels, which are associated with juxtamedullary nephrons, correspond to one of the following structures in cortical nephrons. What is this structure?
A) Afferent arterioles
B) Efferent arterioles
C) Glomerular capillaries
D) Arcuate arteries
E) Peritubular capillaries

A

E) Peritubular capillaries

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15
Q

During urinary dilution in which tubular segment is the osmotic concentration of the filtrate the lowest?
* Thin descending limb of the loop of Henle
* Proximal tubule
* Thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle
* Collecting duct
* Distal convoluted tubule

A
  • Distal convoluted tubule
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16
Q

Choose the correct statement.
A) Conductive sodium channels in the collecting duct can be inhibited by amiloride.
B) The aquaporin-2 water channel in the cortical collecting duct can be inhibited by ADH
C) The Na+/K+ pump in the collecting duct can be inhibited by aldosterone
D) The Na+-K+-2Cl- symport in the distal convoluted tubule can be inhibited by furosemide
E) The Na+-Cl- symport in the distal convoluted tubule can be inhibited by furosemide.

A

A) Conductive sodium channels in the collecting duct can be inhibited by amiloride.

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17
Q

Increased by ANP:
A) Volume of final urine
B) ADH production
C) Constriction afferent arteriole
D) Aldosterone production
E) Reabsorption of Na in the cortical collecting duct

A

A) Volume of final urine

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18
Q

In which tubular segment is the highest volume of filtrate reabsorbed?
A) Collecting duct
B) All tubular segments following the proximal tubule combined
C) Loop of Henle
D) Proximal tubule

A

D) Proximal tubule

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19
Q

The following hormone is secreted by neurohypophysis:

A

A) Antidiuretic hormone

20
Q

Diuresis is enhanced by:
1 – Oral intake of alcohol
2 – Intravenous application of mannitol
3 – Intake of large amounts of water
4 – Reduction of the released amount of ADH

A

1 – Oral intake of alcohol
2 – Intravenous application of mannitol
3 – Intake of large amounts of water
4 – Reduction of the released amount of ADH

21
Q

Diuresis is enhanced by:
1 – Intravenous application of mannitol
2 –Oral intake of alcohol
3 – ADH
4 – Long lasting deprivation of water

A

1 – Intravenous application of mannitol
2 –Oral intake of alcohol

22
Q

Tubular concentration of the following substances are significantly reduced (by more than 90%) in the proximal tubule:
1 – NaCl
2 – Urea
3 – KCl
4 – Bicarbonate

A

4 – Bicarbonate

23
Q

Choose the FALSE statement.
A) In healthy individuals the filtered load of glucose is fully reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
B) In humans the filtered load of glucose is always less than excreted amount of glucose (both given in mg/min)
C) Glucose is excreted in the urine when the filtered load of glucose is higher than the transport maximum … glucose
D) In diabetic patients the filtered load of glucose is higher than the excreted amount of glucose (both given in ml/min)
E) Glucose is excreted in the urine when glucose

A

B) In humans the filtered load of glucose is always less than excreted amount of glucose (both given in mg/min)

24
Q

Which of the following result in the increase K+ excretion?
1 – Low K+ diet
2 – ANP
3 – Decrease sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct
4 – Aldosterone

A

4 – Aldosterone

25
Q

Renin excretion is increased by:
1 – Constriction of renal arteria
2 – Increase in sympathetic activity
3 – Hypovolemia
4 - Hypotension

A

2 – Increase in sympathetic activity
4 - Hypotension

26
Q

Choose the single FALSE statement.
A – Osmotic concentration of the filtrate flowing along the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle is gradually increasing due to the reabsorption of water.
B – Osmotic concentration of the filtrate flowing along the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is gradually decreasing due to active sodium reabsorption.
C – Osmotic concentration of the filtrate entering the cortical collecting duct is always higher than the osmotic concentration of the plasma(280-300 mOs/kg).
D – Osmotic concentration of the filtrate at the end of the distal convulated tubule is always lower than the osmotic concentration of the plasma.
E - Osmotic concentration of the filtrate flowing along the thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle is gradually decreasing due to the sodium reabsorption.

A

D – Osmotic concentration of the filtrate at the end of the distal convulated tubule is always lower than the osmotic concentration of the plasma.

27
Q

14 – Choose the single FALSE statements
A – The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is water impermeable
B – There is active sodium reabsorption in thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
C – The thin descending limb of the loop of Henle is largely permeable to water.
D – The thin descending limb of the loop of Henle is largely permeable to sodium.
E – Water permeability is ADH dependent in the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle.

A

D – The thin descending limb of the loop of Henle is largely permeable to sodium.
E – Water permeability is ADH dependent in the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle.

28
Q

Choose the single FALSE statement
A – Elevation of the osmotic concentration of the plasma results in a reduction of the released amount of ADH.
B – ADH is produced in the hypothalamus.
C – ADH is stored in the posterior loop of the pituitary gland.
D – Elevation of the osmotic concentration of the plasma results in thirst.
E – Reduction of blood volume results in increased amount of ADH released.

A

A – Elevation of the osmotic concentration of the plasma results in a reduction of the released amount of ADH.

29
Q

Which of the following sequence is correct if the driving force generated by the movement of a given substance facilitates to its right?
A – H2O -> Na -> Cl -> other diffusible substances.
B - H2O -> Cl -> Na -> other diffusible substances.
C - Na -> Cl -> other diffusible substances -> H2O.
D - Na -> Cl -> H2O -> other diffusible substances .
E - Cl -> H2O -> Na-> other diffusible substances.

A
30
Q

Tubular concentration of the following substances are significantly (by more than 50%) reduced in the proximal tubule
i) NaCl
ii) HCO3
iii) Urea
iv) Glucose

A

i) NaCl
ii) HCO3
iv) Glucose

31
Q

choose the false: Which of the drug below cause the constriction of afferent arteriole
A thromboxan A
B ADH
C prostaglandin
D large dose of angiotensin II
E norepinephrine

A

C prostaglandin

32
Q

false : which tubule contain fluid has higher osmotic concentration than distal convoluted involve urinary dilution
A thin ascending
B Thin descending
C papillary collecting duct
D proximal tubule
E think ascending

A

B Thin descending

33
Q

False : effect of ANP:
A increase tension of the atrial cadiomyocyte
B reduce the secretion of ADH by hypothalamus
C reduce the secretion of aldosterone by adrenal cortex
D dilation of afferent arteriole
E reduce sodium permeability of the papillary collecting duct

A

E reduce sodium permeability of the papillary collecting duct

34
Q

Choose the CORRECT statement.
A) The acute form of metabolic alkalosis is a disturbance of acid-base balance most frequently observed in diabetic individuals.
B) Renal compensation of respiratory acidosis results in normalization of the bicarbonate concentration of the plasma.
C) Loss of the acidic gastric juice due to vomitus may result in alkalosis.
D) Respiratory compensation of metabolic acidosis results in normalization of the partial pressure of CO2 in the plasma.
E) Acute form of respiratory alkalosis is caused by hypoventilation.

A

C) Loss of the acidic gastric juice due to vomitus may result in alkalosis.

35
Q

Choose the CORRECT statement.
A) Renal compensation of respiratory acidosis results in normalization of the bicarbonate concentration of the plasma.
B) Respiratory compensation of metabolic acidosis results in normalization of the partial pressure of CO2 in the plasma.
C) Renal compensation of acute form of respiratory alkalosis is limited by reduced CO2 caused by Hyperventilation.
D) Respiratory compensation of metabolic alkalosis is limited by hypoxia caused by hypoventilation.
E) Acute form of metabolic alkalosis is a disturbance of acid-base balance most frequently observed in diabetic individuals.

A

D) Respiratory compensation of metabolic alkalosis is limited by hypoxia caused by hypoventilation.

36
Q

Sensation of thirst is enhanced by:
1 – Exsiccation of oral mucosa (Drying of oral mucosa)
2 – Hypocapnia
3 – Increased sympathetic activity
4 – Decreased osmolarity of blood plasma

A

1 – Exsiccation of oral mucosa (Drying of oral mucosa)
2 – Hypocapnia
3 – Increased sympathetic activity

37
Q

Sensation of thirst is enhanced by:
1 - Exsiccation of oral mucosa
2 – Angiotensin II
3 – Increased sympathetic activity
4 – Decreased osmolarity of blood plasma

A

1 - Exsiccation of oral mucosa
2 – Angiotensin II
3 – Increased sympathetic activity

38
Q

Sensation of thirst is enhanced by:
1 – Decreased osmolarity of blood plasma
2 – reduction of blood volume
3 – decreased sympathetic activity
4 – Angiotensin II

A

reduction of blood volume
– Angiotensin II

39
Q

Which 2 of the 5 conditions are associated with increased plasma bicarbonate concentration:
i) Acute respiratory acidosis
ii) Acute respiratory alkaloisis
iii) Partially compensated form of respiratory acidosis
iv) Partially compensated form of respiratory alkaloisis
v) Partially compensated form of metabolic acidosis

A

i) Acute respiratory acidosis
iii) Partially compensated form of respiratory acidosis

40
Q

Which tubular segment contains most acidic filtrate in a patient suffering from metabolic acidosis
a. Cortical collecting duct
b. Loop of henle
c. Papillary collecting duct
d. Proximal tubule
e. Distal convulated tubule

A

c. Papillary collecting duct

41
Q
  • choose the single correct statement:
    1. peristaltic activity of ureter is irreversibly loss after its denervation
    2. in human, the micturition center is located in the pons
    3. receptive relaxation of urinary bladder involve the myorelaxant activity of the afferent
A
  1. in human, the micturition center is located in the pons
42
Q

false
A patient with diabetes has osmotic diuresis
B pharmacological blockage of V2 receptor result in osmotic diuresis.
C infusion of mannitol cause osmotic diuresis
D furosemide and thiazide treatment may cause potassium loss
E pharmacological blockage of carbonic anhydrase (CAH) result in osmotic diuresis.

A

E pharmacological blockage of carbonic anhydrase (CAH) result in osmotic diuresis.

43
Q

False: increased by angiotensin II
A drive to drink water
B. ADH production
C. excretion of Nacl
D. aldosteron production
E. intensity of Na/H exchange in proximal tubule

A

C. excretion of Nacl

44
Q

1 – Which population carries the highest risk of osteoporosis?

A

B – Elderly female.

45
Q

Effect of PTH:
1 – Increase Ca reabsorption from the bone
2 – Increase Ca reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule
3 – Activation 1-alpha hydroxylase in the proximal tubule
4 – Increase Ca permeability of the cell membrane of osteoblast and osteocyte

A

1 – Increase Ca reabsorption from the bone
2 – Increase Ca reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule
3 – Activation 1-alpha hydroxylase in the proximal tubule

Physiology (6 decks)

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