Globalization and Environmental sociology

Question 1

the political, economic, and cultural domination of countries in Asia, Africa, and the Americans by European countries starting in the sixteenth century

Answer 1

colonization

Question 2

an economy in which the state rather than market forces, manages the production and distribution of goods

Answer 2

command economy

Question 3

wealthy, industrialized countries

Answer 3

developed countries

Question 4

countries that have yet to industrialize or that have been intentionally restricted in their development by developed nations

Answer 4

underdeveloped countries

Question 5

countries considered to be on the road to industrialization

Answer 5

developing countries

Question 6

wealthy industrialized countries in the northern hemisphere (previously referred to as the Frist World)

Answer 6

Global North

Question 7

poor countries in the southern hemisphere (previously referred to as the Third World)

Answer 7

Global South

Question 8

poor countries that are beginning to industrialize

Answer 8

newly industrialized countries (NICs)

Question 9

the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year

Answer 9

gross domestic product (GDP)

Question 10

a large company based in one country with overseas operations in two or more other countries

Answer 10

transnational corporation (TNC)

Question 11

political and social domination of bourgeois class in capitalist society, expressed not only in ideologies but in all realms of culture and social organization

Answer 11

hegemony

Question 12

wealthy countries with developed economies

Answer 12

core

Question 13

poor countries that are exploited for their raw materials by core countries

Answer 13

periphery

Question 14

peripheral countries moving toward becoming core, or core countries in decline

Answer 14

semi-periphery

Question 15

to incorporate new cultural values and messages into the local culture

Answer 15

indigenize

Question 16

seeing culture as fluid, which helps individuals resist cultural homogenization

Answer 16

cosmopolitanism

Question 17

the study of the interaction between human society and the physical environment

Answer 17

environmental sociology

Question 18

the view that human beings are seperate from and above the rest of nature

Answer 18

anthropocentrism

Question 19

a form of discrimination against minority groups and people from poor countries who are subjected to a disproportionate share of environmental hazards and polluting industries

Answer 19

environmental racism

Question 20

the capitalist view supported by an ideology that legitimates the domination of nature for the material benefit of humans

Answer 20

dominant social paradigm

Question 21

a view that advocates living in harmony with the environment, not dominating it

Answer 21

alternative environmental paradigm

Question 22

the belief that economic development can occur without damaging the environment

Answer 22

sustainable development

Question 23

an approach that investigates the domination of women and nature by men

Answer 23

ecofeminsim

Question 24

a branch of ecofeminism that challenges patriarchal assumptions, argues that gender roles are learned and therefore open to change, and promotes human ideals for all people

Answer 24

cultural ecofeminists

Question 25

occurs when companies search in poor or indigenous areas for new biological entities that they can exploit

Answer 25

bioprospecting

Question 26

occurs when western companies exploit indigenous areas and express a dominant-submissive relationship

Answer 26

biocolonialism

Question 27

the unauthorized appropriation of traditional biological and genetic knowledge, resources, and practices of indigenous peoples

Answer 27

biopiracy

Question 28

the belief that unless we believe environmental issues become “our” issues, very little can be accomplished

Answer 28

deep ecology

Question 29

countries with poor economies; problematically implies a lack of economic talent or exposure

Answer 29

undeveloped countries