Globalization and Environmental sociology Flashcards
the political, economic, and cultural domination of countries in Asia, Africa, and the Americans by European countries starting in the sixteenth century
colonization
an economy in which the state rather than market forces, manages the production and distribution of goods
command economy
wealthy, industrialized countries
developed countries
countries that have yet to industrialize or that have been intentionally restricted in their development by developed nations
underdeveloped countries
countries considered to be on the road to industrialization
developing countries
wealthy industrialized countries in the northern hemisphere (previously referred to as the Frist World)
Global North
poor countries in the southern hemisphere (previously referred to as the Third World)
Global South
poor countries that are beginning to industrialize
newly industrialized countries (NICs)
the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year
gross domestic product (GDP)
a large company based in one country with overseas operations in two or more other countries
transnational corporation (TNC)
political and social domination of bourgeois class in capitalist society, expressed not only in ideologies but in all realms of culture and social organization
hegemony
wealthy countries with developed economies
core
poor countries that are exploited for their raw materials by core countries
periphery
peripheral countries moving toward becoming core, or core countries in decline
semi-periphery
to incorporate new cultural values and messages into the local culture
indigenize
seeing culture as fluid, which helps individuals resist cultural homogenization
cosmopolitanism
the study of the interaction between human society and the physical environment
environmental sociology
the view that human beings are seperate from and above the rest of nature
anthropocentrism
a form of discrimination against minority groups and people from poor countries who are subjected to a disproportionate share of environmental hazards and polluting industries
environmental racism
the capitalist view supported by an ideology that legitimates the domination of nature for the material benefit of humans
dominant social paradigm
a view that advocates living in harmony with the environment, not dominating it
alternative environmental paradigm
the belief that economic development can occur without damaging the environment
sustainable development
an approach that investigates the domination of women and nature by men
ecofeminsim
a branch of ecofeminism that challenges patriarchal assumptions, argues that gender roles are learned and therefore open to change, and promotes human ideals for all people
cultural ecofeminists
occurs when companies search in poor or indigenous areas for new biological entities that they can exploit
bioprospecting
occurs when western companies exploit indigenous areas and express a dominant-submissive relationship
biocolonialism
the unauthorized appropriation of traditional biological and genetic knowledge, resources, and practices of indigenous peoples
biopiracy
the belief that unless we believe environmental issues become “our” issues, very little can be accomplished
deep ecology
countries with poor economies; problematically implies a lack of economic talent or exposure
undeveloped countries
