globalization Flashcards
globalization
The process of increased interrelation among regions of the globe, resulting in homogeneity.
The process of increased interrelation among regions of the globe, resulting in homogeneity.
the process of the integration of national economies into the global economy through the free flow of goods, services, capital, and technology. It involves the removal of trade barriers, the liberalization of investment and financial flows, and the opening of markets to competition
-driven by the pursuit of profit, efficiency, and growth, and it has been facilitated by advances in transportation, communication, and information technologies.
-rise of multinational corporations, the emergence of global supply chains, and the proliferation of free trade agreements and international institutions that govern global economic relations.
-integration of markets and the expansion of trade ,investment, and finance. GUIDED BY NEOLIBERALISM
Social (or sociocultural) globalization
the spread of ideas, values, norms, and practices across borders.
-encompasses cultural, social, political, and environmental dimension
-driven by the desire for recognition, justice, and diversity, and it involves the exchange of information, knowledge, and experiences among people from different cultures and backgrounds.
-development of global civil society, the emergence of transnational social movements, and the diffusion of human rights norms and environmental standards.
-aims to create a more equitable and sustainable world, and it argues that the benefits of globalization should be shared by all people and communities.
anthony giddens
globalization represents an increase in transnational social relations that span the globe. In this view, globalization is as much about economic exchanges as it is about social connectivity between regions of the world
in an interconnected world, events do not occur in isolation. Rather, local events are interpreted in relation to what happens in other parts of the world.
neoliberal globalization
fundamentally change the role of the state in everyday affairs. In the neoliberal perspective, the state no longer must look after its citizens; rather, it serves the economy, and its objective is to govern in ways that will benefit corporations and maximize profits.
responsible for their own fate, as the state’s role diminishes. Later in the chapter, we will discuss neoliberal globalization in more detail, looking at it historically as well as examining critiques.
Roland Robertson
Glocalization: The simultaneous consideration of global and local matters.
-global and local factors are closely interconnected, constantly interacting and influencing each other
goal of global companies is to increase their profits. This often generates jobs locally and can improve the local economy. Yet, such developments may also pollute the environment, leaving local communities without key resources such as clean water.
-environmentalism
Life expectancy:
Longevity and health measured by life expectancy at birth.
Human capital
Formal education and knowledge assessed via adult and youth literacy measures.
Standard of living
As captured by a measure of the GDP per capita.
Human Development Index (HDI)
measure and rank countries’ levels of social development as well as their economic development
Functionalism to Global Inequality
Global inequality is largely the result of uneven economic development, with some societies being better able to seize economic and technological opportunities.
Conflict theory
Global inequality results mainly from dependency on or imperialist economic domination by powerful states and multinational organizations.
Feminism
Global inequality has important consequences for gender relations, including a gradual growth of family and gender norms prevalent in the Global North.
Global inequality allows for exploitation of people with intersecting marginalizations (such as poverty, gender, ethnicity) across national borders.
Symbolic interactionism
Global inequality requires the construction of cooperative multinational or globalized entities and promotes some degree of cultural homogenization around shared ideas of geography.
world system theory.
Wallerstein’s model consists of three categories of world nations:
Core states: Industrialized, wealthy, and powerful.
Peripheral states: Of lower income and less able to exert political influence internationally, subject to control or manipulation by core states.
Semi-peripheral states: As the name suggests, somewhere between core and peripheral states, but with some political influence.
anti-globalization movement
a loose network of various groups and organizations that oppose the spread and dominance of global capitalism, free trade agreements, and the power of multinational corporations.
raised awareness about the negative consequences of neoliberal policies and challenged the hegemony of neoliberalism as the dominant economic ideology.
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right wing: Migrants can worsen global inequality by transporting productive potential from a less-desired to a more-desired place
-a threat to national economies and national identities and call for immigration restrictions
left wing: capitalism results in asymmetrical power relations and in treatment of every aspect of life; health, education, culture as a commodity and exploitation of global south countries
critiques:
-lack of clear goals
-range of views and social groups represented
-movement is inconsistent and comes in waves
Materialization
spread of an ideology and power relations in the larger population.
stabilizes power relations within societies that otherwise may fragment into smaller political units.
It may also stabilize relations between societies.
migration
Migrants can worsen global inequality by transporting productive potential from a less-desired to a more-desired place “the american dream”
its dimensions Thomas hylland Eriksen
-disembedding
-speed
-standardization
-connections
-mixing
-mobility
-alterglobalization
disembedding
-deterritorialization or delocalization
–> distance becoming irrelevant, relative, or at the very least less important
–> ideas, songs, books, investment capital, labour, and fashions travel faster than ever
–> social life becoming abstracted from its local, spatially-fixed context
time-space distanciation
-disembedding as “the lifting out of social relations from local contexts of interaction and their restructuring across indefinite spans of time-space”
speed
-also described as intensity or overheating
–>drastic acceleration transport and communication
–> no delays any more distance no longer means separation
–> acceleration is uneven and relative
standardization
- globalization as an economic and political project entails
–> comparability and shared standards
–> transnational corps, chain stores, and services: all following the same standards
–> English as the foreign language
–> industry standards, economic agendas determining: World Bank and development
prescriptions
(inter) connections
-networks connecting ppl across borders, countries and continents are becoming denser, faster and wider every year
-transnational communities and families
-can come w agreements or disagreements
-not always leading to more enhanced interaction
