globalisation overvie Flashcards
what were the developments in transport and trade in the 19th century
-railways
-telegraph (replaced boat journeys that could take weeks)
-steamships which replaced sailing ships
what were the developments in transport and trade in the 20th century
-jet aircraft
-containerisation
what were the developments in ICT and global communication in the 21st century
-mobile phones
-internet
-fibre optics
-social networks
-electronic banking
has led to time space compression
state stuff abt the EU trade bloc
-guarantees the free movement of goods, capital and people
-28 members
state stuff abt the ASEAN trade bloc
-working towards the elimination of tariffs
-didn’t achieve a single market by 2015
how can trade blocs lead to cultural erosion
trade blocs allow for cheap products to replace expensive, local ones which leads to cultural erosion
what policies can national govs put in place to speed up globalisation
-prompt free market liberalisation (reduces gov intervention in the economy (foreign comp in goods may occur leading to globalisation)
-prompt privatisation (gov selling industry to foreign companies= FDI)
-encouraging business start ups (new foreign businesses encourages globalisation)
how do SEZs contribute to globalisation
used to attract FDI, spreading globalisation to new regions
what did ASIAN tigers do to achieve rapid economic development
what did ASIAN tigers do to achieve rapid economic developmentwhat did ASIAN tigers do to achieve rapid economic developmentASIAN tigers chose export led growth and received fast economic development
what are subsidies
subsidies= payments by the gov to a company to promote a particular activity- can be used to attract FDI
How are TNCs important in globalisation
-when TNCs operate in multiple countries, it creates international connections leading to globalisation
what is growth in size of TNCs affected by
growth in size of TNCs is influenced by the creation of trade BLOCs, removing international barriers and encouragement of economic freedoms and SEZs
why do firms become TNCs
because its cheaper to operate abroad (offshoring and outsourcing)
how have TNCs taken advantage of chinas economic liberisation
TNCs are locating in SEZs (here there are pools of cheap labour)
what are the 4 reasons why a country can be switched off
-political reasons
-economic reasons
-physical reasons
-environmental reasons
whats a political reason why a country may be switched off
-In North Korea, people dont have access to the global internet or social media
-There are high levels of censprship
whats an economic reason why a country may be switched off
-Sahel: poor infrastructure and low literacy levels of the working age population make it unattractive for offshoring FD
-ow income levels mean it lacks market size to attract retail outlet FDI
whats a physical reason why a country may be switched off
landlocked countries= resulting high transport costs may make exports unattractive in foreign markets and deter FDI
whats an environmental reason why a country may be switched off
- harsh desert climates and extreme polar cold will limit development of transport and trade.
what are the positives of the movement of the economic centre to Asia
changes to the built environment that can bring benefits:
-infrastructure investment
-waged work
-poverty reduction
-education
what are the negatives of the movement of the economic centre to Asia
-loss of productive land
-unplanned settlements
-exploitation of environment
-resource pressure
in terms of poverty reduction, via the global shift, since 1990, how many people have been lifted out of extreme poverty
1 billion
Some deindustrialised regions in developed countries face social and environmental problems as a result of economic restructuring, what are these?
dereliction
contamination
depopulation- (Detroit’s population fell from 1.5 million in 1960 to 0.7 million in 2012 as a result of the closure of its car factories)
crime
high unemployment
International migration has increased in global hub cities and regions, what has this deepened between regions
this has deepened interdependence between regions
(ref to Russian oligarchs)
what does cultural diffusion occur as a result of
cultural diffusion occurs as a result of:
-TNCs
-global media corporations
(Disney & BBC spread a western view of world events)
-tourism
-migration
what are the positive and negative impacts on the physical environment and people due to the spread of western culture
-The spread of a western diet (high fat, high sugar, fast food based) is changing diets around the world, especially in Asian cities (KFC..) diabetes
- A fast-food, consumer culture is also very wasteful in terms of resources such as discarded fast food packaging and fashion items worn only once or twice. This can be linked to deforestation and excessive water use in industry, as well as air and water pollution.
+ spread of Paralympics and LGBTQ+ rights
what 2 countries have been impacted by cultural erosion
-Tibet
-Papua New Guinea
resulted in changes to the built and natural environment
opposition to globalisation:
Protest groups such as Occupy Wall Street and the Global Justice Movement argue that globalisation has:
increased resource consumption through exploiting the natural environment, leading to problems like deforestation, water pollution, global warming and biodiversity loss.
Exploited workers
Passed political and economic power into the hands of TNCs and uncaring governments,
Created increased inequality
Caused cultural erosion
define development
Development: the improvement of quality of life (level of happiness, wellbeing or contentment, resulting from a way of living) of a country’s population. Quality of life includes social, economic, cultural, political, demographic and environmental aspects.
what are single indicators and pros and cons
Single indicators (e.g. life expectancy, GDP per capita) measure one variable. They’re easy to use and understand, but may not give an accurate representation of development
what are composite indices and give examples
Composite indices combine more than one variable into a single measure. (HDI, GII)
what are the economic indicators
-income per capita
-GNP
-GDP
-GNI
-economic sector balance
-PPP
what are the social development measures
-HDI ( combines 3 measures ****)
-GII (gender inequality index)
-environmental quality
what is income inequality measured using
the gini coefficient plotted as a lorenz curve
The environmental impact of development and globalisation is often measured using what
using an ecological footprint which is a measure of the resources used by a country or person over the course of a year. measured in global hectares
One way of measuring economic development is using what
income per capita
compare china an Sweden in terms of environmental and economic development
economic development in Sweden has not affected the quality of the environment and that environmental management maintains biodiversity, water and air quality.
economic development in China has a very large environmental impact.
what 3 factors have created culturally mixed societies and thriving migrant diasporas in some locations
open borders, deregulation and encouragement of foreign direct investment
whats a diaspora
A diaspora is the name given to the dispersal of a population overseas
what 4 factors ahve contributed to increasing the pace of migration
Open border to migration, such as within the EU since 1995
FDI, encouraging TNC workers to move overseas
Deregulation (removal of regulations or restrictions, especially in a particular industry) of some job markets
Humanitarian crises, like the Syrian civil war and war with Islamic State, which has created large numbers of refugees
state the evidence in Europe that migration has increased social and political tensions and even led to a rise in extremism.
-UK Brexit vote in 2016 (left the EU)
-Anti-immigration political parties have been rising in popularity e.g. UKIP in the UK
how have some countries have attempted to limit the impact of globalisation using government policy
- The internet is banned in N korea as Kim Jong-Un doesn’t want to spread westernisation
-In china there is censorship
-Since 2010 the UK has sought to reduce immigration using a points system
-Other countries like Australia also use a points based immigration system to match immigrants to actual economic needs and job vacancies.
-India restricts foreign companies investing in its retail sector to protect Indian small shopkeepers from competition.
-trade protectionism is used (a policy that protects domestic industries from unfair foreign competition)
give an example of a group wanting to maintain its cultural identity
first nations Canada
There are several different responses to the social and environmental ethical issues raised by globalisation and globalised consumer products, what is a key response to this
-movement towards localism (foods and goods should be grown locally thus more sustainable)
this is often promoted by local groups and NGOs
what do transition towns encourage
-encourages towns to grow their own food in community gardens and not to import it (reduces food miles)
-some towns may even have their own currency
define ecological footprint
a measure of the area of land and water required to produce good consumed and to assimilate waste generated
what do ethical consumption schemes ensure
ensures consumers that products are not contributing to environmental degradation.
what has a role in managing resource consumption and ecological footprints
recycling - local councils pay a key role in this
what is keep Britain Tidy
Keep Britain Tidy is an NGO set up in 1954. In 1969 they introduced the ‘tidyman’ logo on bins and packaging to encourage people to dispose of litter appropriately. Their campaigns encourage households to recycle
